Between East and West: A History of the Jews of North Africa

FRONT MATTER......Page 2
Title Page......Page 4
Copyright Page......Page 5
Dedication Page......Page 6
Preface......Page 8
Contents......Page 10
Introduction......Page 16
PART 1. FROM ANTIQUITY TO THE BYZANTINE PERIOD......Page 24
The Origins of the Jewish and Berber Populations......Page 26
The Rule of Carthage......Page 29
The Jewish Communities......Page 31
The Uprisings......Page 33
Sites of the Jewish Colonies......Page 35
Jewish Life......Page 37
The Spread of Judaism among the Berbers......Page 41
The Beginning of Suppression......Page 44
The Effects of the Vandal Conquest......Page 47
Renewed Repression under Byzantium......Page 49
PART 2. THE RULE OF ISLAM......Page 54
Berber and Jewish Resistance to the Arabs......Page 56
Kahena......Page 57
The Early Years of Moslem Rule......Page 61
The Dark Ages......Page 62
The Attitude of Islam toward the Jews......Page 65
The Dhimmi and the Charter of Omar......Page 67
The Dhimmi in the Maghreb......Page 71
Outbreaks against the Jews......Page 73
The Nature of Maghrebian Judaism......Page 79
The Synagogue......Page 81
The Bible and the Talmud......Page 82
The Rabbi and the Rabbinical Court......Page 84
Language......Page 87
Dress......Page 88
Popular Customs, Superstitions and Occult Practices......Page 90
The Veneration of Saints......Page 94
KAIROUAN......Page 102
FEZ......Page 105
TLEMCEN......Page 107
7. Judaism in the Maghreb: The Spanish Component......Page 109
The Expulsion from Spain......Page 110
The Spanish Jews in North Africa......Page 112
Friction between Toshavim and Megurashim......Page 115
Community Organization......Page 118
ALGIERS......Page 120
TLEMCEN......Page 123
The Contribution of the Spanish Jews to Intellectual Life in the Maghreb......Page 125
Mysticism......Page 127
8. The Condition of the Jews in the Nineteenth Century......Page 136
ALGERIA......Page 137
MOROCCO......Page 139
The Mellah and the Hara......Page 145
MOROCCO......Page 146
TUNISIA......Page 148
ALGERIA......Page 149
Health, Sanitation and Popular Medical Practice......Page 150
Economic Life......Page 154
Education......Page 156
The Jews as an Elite......Page 159
PART 3. THE FRENCH PERIOD......Page 162
The French Occupation of Algeria......Page 164
The Beginning of Legal Emancipation......Page 167
The Crémieux Decree and the Granting of French Citizenship......Page 169
Anti-Semitism......Page 173
The Jews in Algerian Political Life......Page 179
Ahmed Bey and Mohammed Bey......Page 181
The Trial of Batto Sfez and its Consequences......Page 182
The Fundamental Pact......Page 183
Repercussions of the Pact......Page 186
The Situation under the Protectorate......Page 188
Nationality and Jurisdiction......Page 190
The Tunisian Community during the Post-War Period......Page 193
FRENCH MOROCCO......Page 195
The Consequences of the Protectorate......Page 196
The Legal Position of the Jews......Page 198
The Nature of Moroccan Nationality......Page 199
The Moroccan Jewish Community Structure......Page 202
The Beginning of Emigration to Israel......Page 204
Definition of the North African Jew......Page 207
The North African Communities and World Jewry......Page 209
Population Increase......Page 211
Geographical Distribution......Page 213
Population Growth......Page 215
Birth and Mortality Rates......Page 216
Geographical Distribution......Page 217
MOROCCO......Page 218
Population Distribution......Page 219
Marrakesh Region......Page 220
Rabat Region......Page 221
Age Structure......Page 222
French Influences on the North African Communities......Page 223
12. Facing West......Page 225
Education......Page 227
ALGERIA......Page 228
TUNISIA......Page 231
MOROCCO......Page 234
Jewish Intellectuals in the Maghreb......Page 236
Economic Life......Page 238
ALGERIA......Page 240
TUNISIA......Page 243
MOROCCO......Page 246
The Jews in the North African Economy......Page 250
Housing......Page 251
ALGERIA......Page 252
TUNISIA AND MOROCCO......Page 253
ALGERIA......Page 256
TUNISIA AND MOROCCO......Page 258
BEGGARY......Page 261
PROSTITUTION......Page 263
CRIME AND DELINQUENCY......Page 264
The Emergence of a New Man......Page 265
The Crisis of Judaism......Page 268
ALGERIA......Page 271
Rabbinical Justice and its Evolution......Page 272
Women, Marriage, Polygamy and Divorce......Page 276
Jewish Learning......Page 280
Zionism in North Africa......Page 281
Christian, Moslem and Jew......Page 282
PART 4. DISSOLUTION......Page 284
15. Independence and Exodus......Page 286
The Rise of Nationalism......Page 288
TUNISIA......Page 290
MOROCCO......Page 291
ALGERIA......Page 294
Exodus......Page 300
16. Israel......Page 308
Immigration......Page 309
Characteristics of the North African Immigration......Page 313
Encounter......Page 314
HEALTH......Page 320
PIONEER SETTLEMENT......Page 321
ECONOMIC INTEGRATION......Page 325
SOCIAL WELFARE......Page 328
HOUSING......Page 329
CRIME AND DELINQUENCY......Page 330
EDUCATION......Page 332
Citizens of Israel......Page 335
NOTES......Page 340
STATISTICAL APPENDICES......Page 375
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 385
INDEX......Page 388