Behavioral Pediatrics: Mental Health and Management

Dedication for this 5th Edition
Contents
Forewords
	First edition
	Second edition
		Third edition
	Fourth edition
	Current fifth edition
	References
Preface
	References
Section one: Special issues (editor: Donald E. Greydanus)
Chapter 1
Suicide and self-harm in children and adolescents
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Epidemiology
		Global suicide rates
		Suicide in young children
		Risk factors
			Previous suicide attempts or self-harm behaviors
			Gender
			Sexual orientation
			Familial factors
			Stressors
			Access to lethal means
			Media and screen time
		Protective factors
			Parental supervision
			Social support
			Religion
	Prevention
		Lethal means restriction
			School-based programs
		School personnel training (gatekeeper training)
		Student education and skills training
		Suicide risk screening
			Community-based programs
			Healthcare-based programs
			Media related prevention strategies
	Assessment
	Treatment
		Psychotherapy
		Pharmacological treatments
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 2
Psychotic disorders in children and adolescents
	Abstract
	Introduction
		Prodromal phase/Clinical high-risk phase
		Delusions
		Hallucinations
		Disorganized speech
		Disorganized behavior
		Negative symptoms
	Epidemiology
	Etiology
		Childhood adversity
		Genetic vulnerability
	Pathogenesis
	Differential diagnosis
		Substance use disorders (SUD) and drug intoxications
		Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
		Autism spectrum disorders
		Schizoaffective disorders
		Mood disorders
		Medical diseases
		Nonpsychotic Children
	Evaluation
	Approach considerations
		Consultations
	Pharmacotherapy
		Prodromal stage
			Medications for Prodromal stage
				Antipsychotics
					Evidence
				Omega-3 fatty acids
					Evidence
				Antidepressants
					Evidence
			Summary
		First episode psychosis
			Positive symptoms
			Negative symptoms
		Choosing the initial antipsychotic
			Long-acting injectable (LAI) formulations
				Evidence
	Treatment resistant schizophrenia
	Side effects
		Second-generation antipsychotics
		First-generation antipsychotics
		Side effect differences when compared to adults
		Treatment of side effects
	Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)
	Psychosocial interventions
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 3
Recognizing and treating the emotional and behavioral effects of child maltreatment
	Abstract
	Abbreviations
	Introduction
	Extent of the problem
	Behavioral issues for young children
	Behavioral issues for adolescents
	Issues related to the COVID-19 pandemic
	Evaluation
		Medical evaluation (Medical history, examination and diagnosis)
			Skin lesions in physical abuse
			Sexual abuse
			Psychological maltreatment
			Physical and medical care neglect
		Mental health screening and evaluation
			PTSD assessment measures for pre-school aged children
			PTSD assessment measures for school-aged children
			General assessment measures for youth
			Mental health screening and PTSD evaluation for adolescents
	Reporting
	Treatment
		Shared treatment components
			Pharmacologic treatment
			Empirically supported non-pharmacologic treatment
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 4
Mental health and chronic disease:  Issues in cardiovascular disease
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Quality of Life
	Emotional and behavioral difficulties
	Cognitive and academic impact
	Quality of life in pediatric heart transplant patients
	Parental mental health
	Psychopharmacological considerations in children with CHD/CVD
		Hypotension, syncope, and rhythm disturbances
		QTc prolongation and cardiac conduction delays
		Stimulants and sudden cardiac death
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 5
Mental health considerations in renal disease
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Impact on quality of life for the adolescents and families
		The quality of life experience of the caregiver
	Common psychiatric disorders in adolescents with renal disease
		Depression and other mood symptoms
		Anxiety disorders
		Cognitive and learning difficulties
	Psychopharmacology considerations
		Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics
		Renal considerations for psychotropic agents
	Special considerations: Dialysis patients
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 6
The pediatric liver: Mental health considerations
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Mental health issues in liver transplantation
		Medical Adherence in Pediatric Liver Transplant Recipients
		Psychological factors influencing adherence
		Identifying barriers to adherence
		Interventions for improving adherence
		The transition of care and medical adherence
		Measuring medication adherence
		The importance of pre-operative psychological screening
			Post-operative neuropsychological outcomes and hepatic encephalopathy
		The emotional well-being of the pediatric transplant patient: Trauma, family stress, health-related quality of life, and the importance of psychological support
			Multidisciplinary team
			Health-related quality of life (HRQoL)
	Wilson’s disease
	Hepatitis C
	Metabolic side-effects of psychotropic medications
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 7
Behavioral/emotional effects of COVID-19 on children and teens
	Abstract
	Introduction
	COVID-19 in children
	Changes for families
	Mental health-general population
	Disproportionately negative impact
	Disruption of critical mental health services
	Pediatrics in pandemia
		Psychological screening and referral
	Management of chronic conditions
		Guidance specific to mental health + general COVID
	General guidance during a pandemic
	Specific guidance for mental and behavioral wellness
	Identifying parental anxiety
	Conclusion
	Disclaimer
	Additional resources:
	No-cost materials for families and children
	References
Section two: Perspectives of substance use disorders
Chapter 8
Neurobiology of substance use disorders
	Abstract
	Introduction
	General concepts
		Dopamine
			D1, D5 receptors
			D2 and D3 receptors
		Serotonin and norepinephrine
		Cannabinoid (CB1) receptors
		γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA)
		Glutamate receptors
		Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
	Neuropharmacology of specific drugs
		Stimulants
		Alcohol
		Opioids
		Nicotine/tobacco
		Cannabinoids
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 9
Substance use and abuse in adolescents: An overview
	Abstract
	Introduction
		DSM-5
		YRBS 2019
		Energy drinks
		Designer drugs
	Tobacco
		2019 YRBS
		General issues
	Pharmacologic management
		Non-nicotine therapy
	Marijuana (Cannabis)
	Alcohol
		2019 YRBS
		Alcohol effects
		Management of alcohol abuse
	Amphetamines
		Methamphetamine
	Cocaine
		Management of cocaine addiction
	Opioids
		Heroin
		Management of opioid addiction
	Hallucinogenic drugs
		Phencyclidine (PCP)
		Lysergic acid diethylamine (LSD)
		Tryptamines
		MDMA (Ecstasy)
	“Date rape” drugs
		Flunitrazepam (Rohypnol)
		Gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB)
		Gamma-butyro-lactone (GBL)
		Ketamine
		Inhalants
	Barbiturates
	Conclusion
	Acknowledgment
	References
Chapter 10
Cannabis: Current concepts and conundrums
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Cannabis sativa plant
	Prevalence
	Consumption of cannabis (marijuana)
	Cannabis and other drug use
	Cannabinoids
	Endocannabinoid system
	Medicinal cannabis
	Synthetic cannabinoids (cannabinoid designer drugs; cannabimimetics)
	Cannabis lab testing
	Medical adverse effects
	Cannabis hyperemesis syndrome
	Dental effects of cannabis
	Pulmonary effects
	Cannabis and cancer
	Cardiovascular effects
	Motor vehicle accidents
	Sports doping
	Adverse effects: Psychiatric
		Cannabis and ADHD
		Cannabis-related psychiatric disorders
	Cannabis withdrawal syndrome
	Addiction
	Cannabis and psychosis
	Management
		Pharmacologic therapies
	Cannabis intoxication
	Cannabis withdrawal
	Cannabis-associated psychosis
	Cannabis use disorder
		Oxytocin
		NAC
		Others
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 11
Psychosocial treatments for substance use disorders
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Primary prevention programs
		Assessment as an intervention
		Motivational treatments
			Motivational interviewing
			Pre-contemplation stage
			Contemplation stage
			Preparation stage
			Action stage
			Maintenance stage
		Contingency management and community reinforcement approaches
			Community reinforcement approach (CRA)
		Cognitive-behavioral approaches
			Functional analysis
			Drug refusal skills (DRS)
			Relapse prevention (RP)
		Family interventions
			Multidimensional family therapy (MDFT)
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 12
Substance use disorders in adolescents:  Pharmacologic management
	Abstract
	Introduction
		DSM-5
	Alcohol
		Drug interactions
	Amphetamines
	Cocaine
	Opioids
		Heroin dependence management
	Conclusion
	Acknowledgments
	References
Chapter 13
Use of pharmacologic agents for smoking cessation
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Epidemiology
	Chemistry and pharmacology
	Effects on health
	Behavioral approaches to smoking cessation
	Pharmacological agents
		Varenicline
		Bupropion sustained release (SR)
		Nicotine replacement therapies
		Second-line medications
	Vaccine
	E-cigarettes
	Conclusion
	Acknowledgments
	References
Section three: Selective concepts of management  (editor: Ahsan Nazeer)
Chapter 14
Psychotherapeutic intervention with children and adolescents
	Abstract
	Introduction
	General principles
	Treatment planning and referral
	Therapies for depressive disorders
		Interpersonal therapy
		Supportive psychotherapy
	Therapies for anxiety disorders
		Cognitive-behavioral therapy
	Therapies for childhood behavioral problems (ADHD, oppositional defiant disorder, and conduct disorder)
		Parent management training (PMT)
		Behavioral therapy
		Parent-child interaction training (PCIT)
		Behavioral classroom management (BCM)
		Play therapy
	Therapies for youth with repeated self-harming behaviors
		Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT)
	Therapies for children with autism spectrum disorder
		Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA)
		Discrete trial training (DTT)
		Early intensive behavioral intervention (EIBI)
	Therapies for eating disorders
		Family-based treatment (FBT)-Maudsley method
	Group psychotherapy approaches
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 15
Behavioral and cognitive behavioral therapies
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Basic principles
		Classical conditioning
		Operant conditioning
	Types of behavioral therapies
		Applied Behavioral Analysis (ABA)
			Discrete Trial Training (DTT)
			Treatment of the Pivotal Response (PRT)
			ESDM
		Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)
			CBT in an adolescent with social anxiety disorder-A clinical vignette
				Pre-treatment assessment
				Family background
				Developmental history
				History of presenting problem
				Rating Scales
				Behavioral observations
				Diagnostic impression
				Treatment targets
				Monitoring of treatment targets
				Description of treatment
					Sessions 1–2: Decreasing self-focused attention
					Sessions 3-5: Social skills training
					Sessions 6-8: Constructing a more realistic image of self in social interactions
					Sessions 9-11: Exposure in vivo incorporating dropping safety behaviors
					Session 12: This was the final session
				Treatment outcome
		Cognitive-behavioral therapy for psychosis (CBTp)
		Exposure and response prevention (ERP)
		Maudsley method-family based treatment (FBT)
			Phase 1: Weight restoration
			Phase 2: Return of control to the adolescent
			Phase 3: Establishing independence and identity
		Habit reversal therapy (HRT)
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 16
Introduction to pediatric psychopharmacology
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Background
		Antidepressants
			Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
			Serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors
			Atypical antidepressants
			Monoamine oxidase inhibitors
			Tricyclic antidepressants
		Antipsychotics
			Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics
			Side effects
			Black-box warning
		Stimulants and non-stimulants
			FDA approved indications
			Stimulants and risk of priapism
			Stimulants and risk of cardiovascular events
			Stimulants and risk of abuse and dependence
			Atomoxetine and risk of hepatotoxicity, suicidal ideation, and priapism
	Conclusion
	References
Section four: Acknowledgements
About the editors
About the Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Western Michigan University Homer Stryker MD School of Medicine (WMed), Kalamazoo, Michigan, United States of America
	Contact
About Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
About the National Institute of Child Health and  Human Development in Israel
	Mission
	Service and academic activities
	Research activities
	National collaborations
	International collaborations
	Targets
	Contact
Section five: Index
Index
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