Beginning Breadboarding: Physical Computing and the Basic Building Blocks of Computers

Table of Contents
About the Author
About the Technical Reviewer
Acknowledgments
Chapter 1: Introduction, Supplies, and Circuit Diagrams
	Safety Rules
		Safety Rule 1: Short Circuits
		Safety Rule 2: Right-Hand Rule
		Safety Rule 3: What’s More Dangerous – Electrical Current or Voltage?
		Safety Rule 4: Use the Right Tools and Components and Use Them Properly
	Tools and Materials
	Reading Circuit Diagrams
		What Other Information Is in This Diagram?
	How to Read This Book
		Grab These Materials
	Summary
Chapter 2: Paper Circuits
	What Is Electricity?
		Grab These Materials
	Atoms: The Building Blocks of Nature
	Project 2-1: Static Electricity!
		Current, Voltage, and AC vs. DC
	Project 2-2: Playing with Voltage
	Let’s Make Our First Circuit!
		Grab These Materials
		Project 2-3: Let There Be Light!
		Project 2-4: Making It Bigger!
			Schematic Symbols for an LED and a Battery
		Project 2-5 (Optional): Paper Circuits!
			Grab These Materials
			Build Procedure
	Add All the Lights! (a.k.a. Series and Parallel Circuits)
		Grab These Materials
		Project 2-6: Connecting Two LEDs to One Battery
		Project 2-7: Our First Parallel Circuit
		Project 2-8: More Parallel Circuits!
		Project 2-9: Our First Series Circuit
	Summary of Parallel and Series Circuits
	Electromagnetic Spectrum
	Going Further
	Project Ideas!
		Project 1: Light-Up Greeting Cards
		Project 2: Tiny Light-Up Furniture for Dolls, Action Figures, or Just Because Miniature Things Are Adorable!
		Project 3: Add Some Light-Up Flair to Your Halloween or Other Holiday Costumes!
		Project 4: More Lights on Your Bike!! Or Model Train
		Project 5: Tiny Lightsaber!
	Summary
Chapter 3: Breadboards and Outputs
	Breadboard Anatomy
		Grab These Materials
	Breadboarding: Lights On!
		Grab These Materials
		Project 3-1: Light It Up on a Breadboard!
			Procedure
		Project 3-2: All the Lights!!
			Procedure
	Making Sounds!
		Grab These Materials
		Project 3-3: Circuit Sounds!
			Procedure
		Schematic Symbol for a Speaker
		How Does Electricity Make Sounds??
			An Introduction to the Common Speaker
			An Introduction to How Piezo Elements Work
	Making Movement!
		Grab These Materials
		Project 3-4: Motor Motion!
			Procedure
		Schematic Symbols for a Motor
		How Is Electricity Making the Motor Spin??
			In-Depth Overview of Motors for Those with Insatiable Curiosity
	Lights and Sounds and Motion, Oh My! But… Why?
	Going Further
	Summary
Chapter 4: Controlling Electricity (Passive Components)
	Resistance: Limiting Electricity
		Grab These Materials
		Project 4-1: Modifying Lights with Resistors!
		Resistor Schematic Symbol
		How Do Resistors Work?
		Project 4-2 (Optional): Draw a Resistor!
		Grab These Materials
		A Mini Introduction to Ohm’s Law!
	Potentiometers: Adjustable Resistors!
		Grab These Materials
		Project 4-3: Dim the Light!
		Potentiometers: How Do They Work?
		Project 4-4: Dim More Lights!!
		Potentiometer Schematic Symbol
	Capacitors: Flood Gate Components!
		Grab These Materials
		Project 4-5: Light Flash!
		How Is a Capacitor like a Flood Gate?
		Schematic Symbol for a Capacitor
		Special Safety Note on Capacitors
	Going Further
	Summary
Chapter 5: Interacting with Electricity via Buttons and Switches! (Electromechanical Components)
	Pushbuttons: Hang onto Your Switch!
		Grab These Materials
		Project 5-1: Light at Our Fingertips
			Written Instructions (First Half)
			Written Instructions (Second Half)
		Pushbuttons: A Lifetime of Bouncing Back
		Pushbutton Schematic Symbol
	(Slide) Switches: Set It and Forget It
		Grab These Materials
		Project 5-2: Breadboard Flashlight
			Written Procedure
		Slide Switches: Stay in That State!
			Poles and Throws
			Other Types of Permanent Switches
		Permanent Switch Schematic Symbol
			Project 5-3: Find and Record All the Switches!
		Project 5-4: Lights and Motors!
		Grab These Materials
			Written Procedure (Full Instructions)
	Going Further
	Summary
Chapter 6: Encoding Information into Electricity! (Logic Gates Part 1)
	Why Records Sound Better Than CDs
	Logically Delicious! (Building Basic Logic Gates)
		Grab These Materials
			Project 6-1: Combining Two Pushbuttons!
			Solutions to Experiment
		Project 6-2: Gotta Push\'Em All! (Pushbuttons in Series)
			Written Instructions
		AND Logic Gate Schematic Symbol
		Project 6-3: Push Any Button (Pushbuttons in Parallel)
			Written Instructions
		OR Logic Gate Schematic Symbol
	How to Count with Just Two Fingers (a.k.a. Binary Numbers)
	Project 6-4: Flip It and Reverse It! (NOT Gate)
		Grab These Materials
			Written Procedure
		NOT Logic Gate Schematic Symbol
	Project 6-5: Making Decisions with Logic Gates!
		Grab These Materials
			Bonus Points: Logic Gate As Input
	Going Further: More Logic Gates and Project Ideas!
		Quick Intro to Other Logic Gates: NAND and NOR!
		Build All the Projects!
	Summary
Chapter 7: Sensors!
	Using Our Senses to Detect Sensors
		Project 7-1: The Wonderful World of Sensors
	A Brief Inventory of Sensors
		Analog vs. Digital
		What Kinds of Things Can We Sense with Electricity?
	Electronic Eyes: Photoresistors!
		Grab These Materials
		Project 7-2: Light-Sensitive Light
			Written Instructions
		But Wait, Electronic Eyes?! How Does That Work??
		Photoresistor Schematic Symbol
	Electronic Touch: Force-Sensing Resistors
		Grab These Materials
		Project 7-3: Touch-Sensitive Light
			Written Instructions
		FSR: Converting Touch into Electricity
		FSR Schematic Symbol
	Electronic Proprioception: Tilt Sensors!
		Grab These Materials
		Project 7-4: Gravity-Sensing Light
			Written Instructions
		The Beautifully Simple Tilt Sensor
		Tilt Sensor Schematic Symbol
	Electronic Motion Sensing: IR Sensors!
		Grab These Materials
		Project 7-5: Sensing “invisible” light
			Written Instructions
		Sensing Invisible Light
		IR Break-Beam Schematic Symbol
	Going Further: All the Sensors and Fun Project Ideas!
		Sensor Stuff!
		Build All the Projects!
	Summary
Chapter 8: Transistors: The Building Blocks of Computers!
	Transistors As an Electronic Switch
		Grab These Materials
		Project 8-1: Make an Electronic Switch
			Written Instructions
			Written Instructions
			Project 8-2: How Much Voltage on the Gate Pin?
		(FET) Transistor Schematic Symbol
	Unraveling the Mystery of Transistors!
		Semiconductors: The Secret Sauce
		Transistor Taxonomy
			Too Many Letters!!
	Transistors As Amplifiers
		Grab These Materials
		Project 8-3: Make an Amplifier!
			Circuit Overview
			Written Starting Instructions
			Full Written Instructions
	P-cause We Can: P-Channel FETs (Optional)
		Grab These Materials
		Project 8-4 (Optional): P-Channel Switch
			Written Instructions
			Written Instructions
	Going Further: Transistor Time!
	Summary
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Chapter 9: Logic Gates Round 2!
	The Truth About Physical Computing
		Grab These Materials
		Projects 9-1 and 9-2: ANDs and ORs Galore
			Written Instructions (Part 1)
			Written Instructions (Part 2)
			Written Instructions (Part 3)
			AND Gate
				Written Instructions
			Refresher: AND Logic Gate Schematic Symbol and Truth Table
			OR Gate
				Written Instructions
			Refresher: OR Logic Gate Schematic Symbol and Truth Table
		Project 9-3: NOT Gate with Transistors!
			Written Instructions (Beginning)
			Written Instructions (Remaining Circuit)
			WHAT. How in the Electric Universe Does This NOT Gate Work?!
			Refresher: NOT Logic Gate Schematic Symbol and Truth Table
	Concept Break: Electric Ground!
		Flashback to Voltage!
		Ground As a Connection to Earth?
		Schematic Symbol for Ground
	Logic Gates: The More, the Merrier!
		Grab These Materials
		Project 9-4: NOT Another Logic Gate! (Yes!)
			NAND Gate
			Refresher: NAND Logic Gate Schematic Symbol and Truth Table
			NOR Gate
			Refresher: NOR Logic Gate Schematic Symbol and Truth Table
	Going Further!
	Summary
Chapter 10: A Simple Computer!
	Cascading Logic Gates: A (Controlled) Electrical Waterfall!
		Grab These Materials
		Project 10-1: NOT It!
			Written Instructions
		Project 10-2: Our One and Only XOR Gate
			Uhhh, How Does This Give Us an XOR Gate?
		XOR Schematic Symbol
		NOT-ing the XOR
	How to Build a (Simple) Computer
		Boolean Algebra and Binary Addition
			Translating Decimal Numbers into Binary (and Back Again)
			One More Thing: Adding Binary Numbers!
		How Does This Translate to Computers??
	Bringing Bits Along for the Ride: Binary Adders!
		Single-Bit Adder
		2-Bit Adder
	Adding It All Together: Single-Digit Binary Adder!
		Grab These Materials
			Written Instructions
		Where Do We Go from Here?
	I Hear You and I See (IC) You: An Easier and Faster Way to Build “Smart” Circuits
	Going Further: Logic Gate Circuits and Beyond!
		Further Exploration with Logic Gates!
		Beyond Logic Gates!
	Summary
Appendix 1: Applied Project 1: Using a Multimeter!
	What Is a Multimeter?
		Grab These Materials
		Overview
	Measuring Voltage
		Project A1-1: Measure Battery Voltage!
	Measuring Current
	Measuring Resistance
		Project A1-2: Measure the Resistance of Your Skin!
	Measuring Continuity!
		Project A1-3: Does It Conduct?
	Summary
Appendix 2: Applied Project 2: Ohm’s Law!
	Ohm’s Law: How to Math Electricity!
		Grab These Materials
		Project A2-1: Calculating Current
			Trial 1: Resistor Value = ___________ Ω
			Trial 2: Resistor Value = ___________ Ω
			Trial 3: Resistor Value = ___________ Ω
		Project A2-2: Measuring Current
			Trial 1: Resistor Value = ___________ Ω
			Trial 2: Resistor Value = ___________ Ω
			Trial 3: Resistor Value = ___________ Ω
	Going Further
	Summary
Appendix 3: Applied Project 3: PCB Identification
	Look Inside: An Overview of Harvesting Parts
		Printed Circuit Boards: Tiny Cities for Electronic Components
		Safety Guidelines
			Tools: Using Them Safely and Effectively
		Tools! (Besides Your Hands ☺)
		Datasheets: All the Information Your Heart (and Brain) Could Desire
	Where and What to Look for When Taking Apart Electronics
		Locating Electronics for Take Apart Shenanigans
		Types of Electronics for Take Apart
			Safe Electronics
			Electronics to Avoid
		Harvesting Parts
	Look Inside: Let’s Take Some Things Apart!
		Grab These Materials
			Tools
			Electronic Parts (for Exploration)
		Electronic Toy
			General Procedure
			Harvesting Parts
			Playing with and Using Harvested Parts
	Going Further
		Project 1: Repair Electronics
		Project 2: Toy Mashup
		Project 3: Electronic Instruments
		Project 4: DIY Robotic or Motorized Toy
	Summary
Index
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