Batteries: Materials principles and characterization methods

PRELIMS.pdf
	Preface
		Outline placeholder
			1 Introduction
			2 Electrochemical characterization and modeling for batteries
			3 Synchrotron-based battery imaging with multi-modal x-ray signals
			4 FTIR
			5 OEMS
			6 Electron microscopy
			7 NMR
			8 X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy for batteries
			9 Scanning electrochemical microscopy: a versatile tool for inspecting the reactivity of battery electrodes
			10 Small-angle x-ray scattering for battery research
	Editor biography
		Chen Liao
	List of contributors
CH001.pdf
	Chapter 1 Fundamentals of rechargeable lithium ion and beyond lithium ion batteries
		List of symbols
		1.1 Introduction to batteries
			1.1.1 Lithium ion batteries
			1.1.2 Beyond lithium ion batteries
		1.2 Basic components of batteries
			1.2.1 Cathodes
			1.2.2 Anodes
			1.2.3 Electrolytes
		1.3 Conclusion
		Acknowledgements
		References
CH002.pdf
	Chapter 2 Electrochemical characterization and modeling for batteries
		2.1 Introduction
			2.1.1 Electrochemistry in batteries
			2.1.2 Frequently used parameters
		2.2 Electrochemical models for batteries
			2.2.1 Classification of electrochemical models
			2.2.2 Equivalent circuit models
			2.2.3 Physics-based models
			2.2.4 Models in battery characterization
		2.3 DC electrochemical techniques
			2.3.1 Open circuit voltage
			2.3.2 Conductivity
			2.3.3 Transport and transference number
			2.3.4 Linear sweep and cyclic voltammetry
			2.3.5 Constant current (galvanostatic) and potential (potentiostatic) method
			2.3.6 Galvanostatic/potentiostatic intermittent titration technique
			2.3.7 Hybrid pulse power characterization (HPPC) test
		2.4 AC electrochemical impedance spectroscopy
			2.4.1 Principle of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy
			2.4.2 Equivalent circuit models for electrochemical systems
			2.4.3 Reliability of impedance data
			2.4.4 Application to battery characterization
		Appendix A. List of symbols in table 2.1
		References
CH003.pdf
	Chapter 3 Synchrotron-based battery imaging with multi-modal x-ray signals
		3.1 Introduction
		3.2 General synchrotron techniques: microscopy, spectroscopy, and scattering
			3.2.1 Overview of synchrotron radiation and its interaction with matter
			3.2.2 The interplay among lattice, electronic structure, and micromorphology in battery
		3.3 Synchrotron multi-modal microscopy for battery research
			3.3.1 An overview of the synchrotron-based imaging approaches
			3.3.2 Battery research using synchrotron-based microscopy with absorption, phase, and scattering contrasts
			3.3.3 Synchrotron-based diffractive imaging for battery research
			3.3.4 X-ray spectro-microscopy for battery research
		3.4 Data science approach for synchrotron-based battery research
		3.5 Future directions of synchrotron-based battery research
		References
CH004.pdf
	Chapter 4 Vibrational spectroscopy for batteries
		4.1 Fundamental principles and methods
			4.1.1 Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR)
			4.1.2 Raman spectroscopy
		4.2 Vibrational spectroscopy for batteries
			4.2.1 Ex situ FTIR and Raman
			4.2.2 In situ FTIR and Raman
		4.3 Future perspective
		References
CH005.pdf
	Chapter 5 Differential electrochemical mass spectrometry (DEMS) for batteries
		5.1 Introduction
		5.2 General principles of DEMS
			5.2.1 Classification of DEMS
			5.2.2 Mass spectrometry
			5.2.3 DEMS setup
			5.2.4 Instrument design
			5.2.5 Quantification methods
			5.2.6 System comparison
		5.3 Research applications
			5.3.1 Lithium–oxygen batteries
			5.3.2 Lithium-ion battery
		5.4 Summary and conclusion
		Abbreviations
		Acknowledgements
		References
CH006.pdf
	Chapter 6 Electron microscopies for batteries
		6.1 Electron microscopy SEM and TEM
			6.1.1 Basics of electron microscopy
			6.1.2 Electron beam effect
			6.1.3 Applications of electron microscopy
		References
CH007.pdf
	Chapter 7 Nuclear magnetic resonance as an analytical tool in battery materials science
		7.1 Introduction
		7.2 Methods
			7.2.1 Introduction to NMR methodology
			7.2.2 Structural investigations and MAS
			7.2.3 NMR relaxometry
			7.2.4 NMR diffusometry
			7.2.5 Other NMR methods useful in material characterization
		7.3 NMR of battery materials: examples
			7.3.1 Electrode materials
			7.3.2 Electrolytes
			7.3.3 Electrode and electrolyte interface
			7.3.4 Operando NMR techniques
		Acknowledgements
		References
CH008.pdf
	Chapter 8 X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy for batteries
		8.1 Principles and operation
			8.1.1 Photoelectric effect and x-rays
			8.1.2 Inelastic mean free path and information depth
			8.1.3 X-ray photoelectron spectra
			8.1.4 Instrumentation
			8.1.5 Complementary surface analysis techniques
		8.2 XPS analysis of battery materials
			8.2.1 Electrode charge/discharge
			8.2.2 Interphase chemistry and speciation
			8.2.3 Concentration gradients and depth profiling
			8.2.4 Synchrotron methods
		8.3 Practical considerations and technique limitations
			8.3.1 Sample considerations
			8.3.2 Binding energy referencing and differential charging
			8.3.3 Peak fitting
		Abbreviations
		References
CH009.pdf
	Chapter 9 Scanning electrochemical microscopy: a versatile tool for inspecting the reactivity of battery electrodes
		9.1 Introduction
		9.2 Principles of scanning electrochemical microscopy
			9.2.1 Ultramicroelectrodes and their operation
			9.2.2 Approach curves
			9.2.3 SECM modes
			9.2.4 Analytical expressions
		9.3 Battery applications
			9.3.1 Li-ion batteries
			9.3.2 Redox flow batteries
			9.3.3 Li–air batteries
		9.4 Related electrochemical scanning probe techniques and multi-modal characterization with SECM
			9.4.1 Other electrochemical scanning probe techniques
			9.4.2 Multimodal SECM techniques
		9.5 Outlook
			9.5.1 SECM technique development
			9.5.2 Computational advancements
			9.5.3 Novel experiments
		Acknowledgments
		References
CH010.pdf
	Chapter 10 Small-angle x-ray scattering for battery research
		10.1 Introduction
		10.2 The theory of small-angle x-ray scattering
		10.3 Potential applications and advantages of SAXS
			10.3.1 Testing materials
			10.3.2 Advantages of SAXS comparing with other characterization techniques
		10.4 Data processing of SAXS
		10.5 Examples of SAXS applications in battery
			10.5.1 Porous carbon anode materials
			10.5.2 Sulfur cathode materials
			10.5.3 Separator
			10.5.4 Electrolytes
			10.5.5 In situ or operando SAXS
		10.6 Conclusion
		References