Batch Adsorption Process of Metals and Anions for Remediation of Contaminated Water

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
Acknowledgement
List of Abbreviations
Editors
Contributors
Chapter 1 Introduction
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Adsorption: A Brief History
	1.3 Absorption
	1.4 Adsorption Process
	1.5 Water Treatment by Batch Adsorption Process
	1.6 Scope and Outline of the Chapters
Chapter 2 Adsorbents: Classification, Characteristics, Chemical Nature, and Interaction with Contaminants
	2.1 Classification of Adsorbents
		2.1.1 Carbon-Based Materials
			2.1.1.1 Activated Carbon
			2.1.1.2 Graphene
			2.1.1.3 Graphene Oxides
			2.1.1.4 Reduced Graphene Oxides
			2.1.1.5 Carbon Nanotubes
		2.1.2 Nano-adsorbents
			2.1.2.1 Carbon-Based Nano-adsorbents
			2.1.2.2 Metal Oxide Nano-adsorbents
			2.1.2.3 Nanocomposite Adsorbents
		2.1.3 Inorganic– Organic Hybrids (Metal–
Organic Frameworks)
		2.1.4 Green Adsorbents
		2.1.5 Zeolites
	2.2 Characteristics of Adsorbents
		2.2.1 Physical Characteristics
		2.2.2 Chemical Characteristics
		2.2.3 Adsorption
			2.2.3.1 Physical Adsorption
			2.2.3.2 Chemical Adsorption
	2.3 Chemical Nature of Adsorbents and Interaction with Metals and Anions
		2.3.1 Adsorption Mechanisms of Metals and Anion
			2.3.1.1 Physical Adsorption
			2.3.1.2 Ion Exchange
			2.3.1.3 Electrostatic Interaction
			2.3.1.4 Surface Complexation
			2.3.1.5 Precipitation
	2.4 Effect of Functionalization of Adsorbents on Adsorption of Metals and Anions
		2.4.1 Oxygen-Bearing Functional Groups
		2.4.2 Nitrogen-Bearing Functional Groups
		2.4.3 Sulfur-Bearing Functional Groups
		2.4.4 Adsorbent Containing Multiple Functional Groups
Chapter 3 Impact of Factors on Remediation of Major Toxic Elements (Vanadium, Chromium, Nickel, Arsenic, Strontium, Cadmium, Mercury, Lead, Uranium) Via Batch Adsorption Process
	3.1 Vanadium
		3.1.1 Effect of pH
		3.1.2 Effect of Coexisting Ions
		3.1.3 Effect of Surface Modification
		3.1.4 Mechanism
		3.1.5 Desorption
	3.2 Chromium
		3.2.1 Effect of pH
		3.2.2 Effect of Coexisting Ions
		3.2.3 Effect of Surface Modification
		3.2.4 Effect of Material
		3.2.5 Mechanism
		3.2.6 Desorption
	3.3 Nickel
		3.3.1 Effect of pH
		3.3.2 Effect of Coexisting Ions and Surface Modification
		3.3.3 Mechanism
		3.3.4 Desorption
	3.4 Arsenic
		3.4.1 Effect of pH
		3.4.2 Effect of Coexisting Ions
		3.4.3 Effect of Temperature and Agitation
		3.4.4 Mechanism
		3.4.5 Desorption
	3.5 Strontium
		3.5.1 Effect of pH
		3.5.2 Zeta Potential
		3.5.3 Effect of Coexisting Ions
		3.5.4 Effect of Adsorbent's Modification
		3.5.5 Mechanism
		3.5.6 Desorption
	3.6 Cadmium
		3.6.1 Effect of pH
		3.6.2 Effect of Coexisting Ions and Comparison with Other Ions
		3.6.3 Effect of Surface Modification
		3.6.4 Effect of Material
		3.6.5 Effect of Temperature
		3.6.6 Mechanism.
		3.6.7 Desorption
	3.7 Mercury
		3.7.1 Effect of pH
		3.7.2 Effect of Coexisting Ions and Temperature
		3.7.3 Mechanism
		3.7.4 Desorption and Reuse
	3.8 Lead
		3.8.1 Effect of pH
		3.8.2 Effect of the Presence of Ions
		3.8.3 Zeta Potentia
		3.8.4 Effect of Surface Modification and Material
		3.8.5 Mechanism
		3.8.6 Desorption
	3.9 Uranium
		3.9.1 Effect of pH
		3.9.2 Zeta Potential
		3.9.3 Effect of Coexisting Ions
		3.9.4 Effect of Surface Modification
		3.9.5 Stability
		3.9.6 Effect of Material and Temperature
		3.9.7 Mechanism
		3.9.8 Desorption
Chapter 4 Remediation of Essential Elements Exerting Toxicity on Excessive Exposure (Mn, Co, Cu, Zn, Se) Via Batch Adsorption in Response to Variable Factors and Elucidation of the Mechanism for the Batch Adsorption Process
	4.1 Manganese
		4.1.1 Effect of pH
		4.1.2 Effect of Coexisting Ions
		4.1.3 Effect of Surface Modification and Temperature
		4.1.4 Desorption
	4.2 Cobalt
		4.2.1 Effect of pH
		4.2.2 Effect of Coexisting Ions
		4.2.3 Mechanism and Desorption
	4.3 Copper
		4.3.1 Effect of pH and Morphology
		4.3.2 Mechanism
		4.3.3 Desorption
	4.4 Zinc
		4.4.1 Effect of pH
		4.4.2 Effect of Coexisting Ions
		4.4.3 Mechanism
		4.4.4 Desorption
	4.5 Selenium
		4.5.1 Effect of pH
		4.5.2 Zeta Potential
		4.5.3 Effect of Coexisting Ions
		4.5.4 Effect of Materials and Adsorbates
		4.5.5 Effect of Temperature
		4.5.6 Pretreatment
		4.5.7 Role of Iron and Oxygen
		4.5.8 Mechanism
		4.5.9 Desorption
Chapter 5 Impact of Factors on Remediation of Miscellaneous (Fe, Cs) and Nontoxic Elements (Sc, Ti, Ga, Ge) Via Batch Adsorption Process
	5.1 Iron
		5.1.1 Effect of pH
		5.1.2 Effect of Coexisting Ions
		5.1.3 Effect of Surface Modification
		5.1.4 Effect of the Material
		5.1.5 Effect of Temperature
		5.1.6 Miscellaneous
	5.2 Cesium
		5.2.1 Effect of pH
		5.2.2 Effect of Coexisting Ions
		5.2.3 Effect of Surface Modification
		5.2.4 Effect of Temperature
		5.2.5 Effect of Radiation
		5.2.6 Mechanism.
		5.2.7 Desorption
		5.2.8 Miscellaneous
	5.3 Scandium
	5.4 Titanium
	5.5 Gallium
		5.5.1 Effect of pH and Coexisting Ions
		5.5.2 Effect of Temperature and Desorption
	5.6 Germanium
		5.6.1 Effect of pH and Desorption
Chapter 6 Impact of Factors on Remediation of Anions (Fluoride, Nitrate, Perchlorate, and Sulfate) Via Batch Adsorption Processes
	6.1 Fluoride
		6.1.1 Effect of pH
		6.1.2 Zeta Potential
		6.1.3 Effect of Coexisting Ions
		6.1.4 Effect of Surface Modification
		6.1.5 Effect of Material
		6.1.6 Effect of Temperature
		6.1.7 Mechanism
		6.1.8 Desorption
	6.2 Nitrate
		6.2.1 Effect of pH
		6.2.2 Effect of Coexisting Ions
		6.2.3 Effect of the Material and Surface Modification
		6.2.4 Mechanism
		6.2.5 Desorption
	6.3 Perchlorate
		6.3.1 Effect of pH
		6.3.2 Effect of Coexisting Ions
		6.3.3 Effect of the Material
		6.3.4 Mechanism
		6.3.5 Desorption
	6.4 Sulfate
		6.4.1 Effect of pH
		6.4.2 Effect of Coexisting Ions and Surface Modification
		6.4.3 Mechanism
		6.4.4 Desorption
Chapter 7 Impact of Initial Concentration, Adsorbent Dose, and Ionic Strength on Batch Adsorption of Metals and Anions and Elucidation of the Mechanism
	7.1 Effect of Initial Concentration on Adsorption of Metals and Anions
	7.2 Effect of Adsorbent Dose on the Adsorption of Metals and Anions
	7.3 Effect of Ionic Strength on the Adsorption of Metals and Anions
Chapter 8 Kinetic, Isotherm, and Thermodynamic Studies for Batch Adsorption of Metals and Anions, and Management of Adsorbents after the Adsorption Process
	8.1 Kinetic Study
	8.2 Isotherm Study
	8.3 Thermodynamics
	8.4 Management of Adsorbent after the Adsorption Process
		8.4.1 Use as a Catalyst
		8.4.2 Use for the Production of Ceramics
		8.4.3 Use as a Fertilizer
	8.5 Economic Viability: Desorption vs Disposal
	8.6 Conclusion
References
Index