Basic Statistics: Understanding Conventional Methods and Modern Insights

Preface......Page 6
Contents......Page 8
Partial List of Symbols......Page 11
1 Introduction......Page 15
1.1 Samples versus populations......Page 16
1.2 Comments on teaching and learning statistics......Page 18
1.3 Comments on software......Page 19
2.1 Summation notation......Page 21
2.2 Measures of location......Page 24
2.3 Measures of variation......Page 31
2.4 Detecting outliers......Page 34
2.5 Some modern advances and insights......Page 37
3.1 Relative frequencies......Page 43
3.2 Histograms......Page 46
3.3 Boxplots and stem-and-leaf displays......Page 53
3.4 Some modern trends and developments......Page 56
4.1 The meaning of probability......Page 58
4.2 Expected values......Page 61
4.3 Conditional probability and independence......Page 64
4.4 The Binomial probability function......Page 69
4.5 The normal curve......Page 73
4.6 Computing probabilities associated with normal curves......Page 77
4.7 Some modern advances and insights......Page 82
5.1 Sampling distribution of a binomial random variable......Page 89
5.2 Sampling distribution of the mean under normality......Page 92
5.3 Non-normality and the sampling distribution of the sample mean......Page 97
5.4 Sampling distribution of the median......Page 103
5.5 Modern advances and insights......Page 108
6 ESTIMATION......Page 114
6.1 Con.dence interval for the mean: Known variance......Page 115
6.2 Confidence intervals for the mean: σ not known......Page 120
6.3 Con.dence intervals for the population median......Page 125
6.4 The binomial: Con.dence interval for the probability of success......Page 129
6.5 Modern advances and insights......Page 133
7.1 Testing hypotheses about the mean of a normal distribution,σ known......Page 143
7.2 Testing hypotheses about the mean of a normal distribution,σ not known......Page 154
7.3 Modern advances and insights......Page 158
8.1 Least squares regression......Page 165
8.2 Inferences about the slope and intercept......Page 177
8.3 Correlation......Page 184
8.4 Modern advances and insights......Page 190
8.5 Some concluding remarks......Page 195
9.1 Comparing the means of two independent groups......Page 196
9.2 Comparing two dependent groups......Page 213
9.3 Some modern advances and insights......Page 216
10.1 The ANOVA F test for independent groups......Page 222
10.2 Two-way ANOVA......Page 235
10.3 Modern advances and insights......Page 242
11 MULTIPLE COMPARISONS......Page 244
11.1 Classic methods for independent groups......Page 245
11.2 Methods that allow unequal population variances......Page 250
11.3 Methods for dependent groups......Page 260
11.4 Some modern advances and insights......Page 263
12.1 One-way contingency tables......Page 266
12.2 Two-way contingency tables......Page 271
12.3 Some modern advances and insights......Page 282
13.1 Comparing independent groups......Page 283
13.2 Comparing two dependent groups......Page 292
13.3 Rank-based correlations......Page 295
13.4 Some modern advances and insights......Page 299
13.5 Some .nal comments on comparing groups......Page 302
APPENDIX A: SOLUTIONS TO SELECTED EXERCISE PROBLEMS......Page 303
Appendix B: Tables......Page 311
References......Page 334
Index......Page 339