Basic Knowledge of Pharmacology

Preface
Acknowledgments
Contents
About the Author
Abbreviations
Part I: General Principles
	1: Introduction and Pharmacodynamics
		1.1 Drugs and Poisons
		1.2 Drugs and Medicines
		1.3 International Nonproprietary Names (INN) Versus Brand Names
		1.4 Cultural Differences in Drug Use
		1.5 Mechanism-Oriented Nomenclature of Drug Classes
		1.6 Drug Development
		1.7 Pharmacological Targets: Receptors, Enzymes, Transporters, and Ion Channels
		1.8 Concentration-Response Relations: Agonists and Antagonists
		1.9 Therapeutic Index: Drug Safety
		1.10 Questions and Answers
		1.11 Exercises
		Further Reading
	2: Pharmacokinetics
		2.1	 ADME Parameters: Pharmacotherapeutic Relevance
		2.2	 Significance of the First-Pass Effect
		2.3	 Significance of the Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB)
		2.4	 Significance of the Plasma Half-Life
		2.5	 Significance of CYP Inducers and CYP Inhibitors
		2.6	 Question and Answers
		2.7	 Exercises
		Further Reading
	3: Drug Allergy
		3.1	 Pathophysiological Background
		3.2	 Overview on Type I to Type IV Drug Allergies
		3.3	 Pathophysiology and Therapy of Type I Reaction and Pseudoallergic Reactions
		3.4	 Pathophysiology and Prevention of Type IV Reactions
		3.5	 Question and Answers
		3.6	 Exercises
		Further Reading
	4: Treatment of Drug Intoxications
		4.1	 General Aspects on Intoxications
		4.2	 Primary Poison Elimination
		4.3	 Secondary Poison Elimination
		4.4	 Cardinal Symptoms, Treatment, and Antidotes for Important Drug Intoxications
		4.5	 Question and Answers
		4.6	 Exercises
		Further Reading
Part II: Pharmacology of Integrative Systems
	5: Cholinergic and Adrenergic System
		5.1	 Physiological Background
		5.2	 Acetylcholine Receptors and Adrenergic Receptors
		5.3	 Pharmacological Modulation of Selected Organ Functions by Acetylcholine Receptors and Adrenergic Receptors
		5.4	 Pharmacological Modulation of the Cholinergic Synapse
		5.5	 Pharmacological Modulation of the Noradrenergic Synapse
		5.6	 Questions and Answers
		5.7	 Exercises
		Further Reading
	6: Serotonergic System
		6.1	 (Patho)physiological Background
		6.2	 Pharmacological Modulation of Serotonin Receptors
		6.3	 Pharmacological Modulation of the Serotonergic Synapse
		6.4	 Pharmacological Treatment of Migraine
		6.5	 Pharmacological Treatment of Vomiting
		6.6	 Questions and Answers
		6.7	 Exercises
		Further Reading
	7: Histaminergic System
		7.1 (Patho)physiological Background and Histamine Receptors
		7.2 H1R Antagonists
		7.3 Pharmacological Modulation of Gastric Proton Secretion
		7.4 Pharmacological Modulation of the Mast Cell
		7.5 Questions and Answers
		7.6 Exercises
		Further Reading
	8: Dopaminergic System
		8.1 (Patho)physiological Background and Pharmacological Interventions in the Dopaminergic System
		8.2 Pathophysiology and Pharmacotherapy of Parkinson’s Disease (PD)
		8.3 Pathophysiology and Pharmacotherapy of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
		8.4 Questions and Answers
		8.5 Exercises
		Further Reading
	9: NO-cGMP System
		9.1	 (Patho)physiological Background
		9.2	 NO Donors
		9.3	 PDE5 Inhibitors
		9.4	 sGC Stimulators and Activators
		9.5	 Question and Answers
		9.6	 Exercises
		Further Reading
	10: Pain Pharmacology
		10.1 Pain Pathophysiology
		10.2 Pharmacological Interventions for Pain Therapy
		10.3 Non-MOR Agonists: COX Inhibitors, Paracetamol, and Metamizole
		10.4 MOR Agonists
		10.5 Questions and Answers
		10.6 Exercises
		Further Reading
	11: Immunopharmacology
		11.1	 Pathophysiology of Autoimmune Diseases and Transplant Rejection: Pharmacological Interventions
		11.2	 Glucocorticoids (GCR Agonists)
		11.3	 Inhibitors of Purine and Pyrimidine Metabolism and DNA Synthesis
		11.4	 Immunophilin Ligands
		11.5	 Biologicals
		11.6	 Questions and Answers
		11.7	 Exercises
		Further Reading
	12: Pharmacology of the Kidney
		12.1 Pathophysiology of Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)
		12.2 Pharmacotherapeutic Principles and Specific Drugs for CKD Treatment
		12.3 Dose Adjustment in CKD
		12.4 ADRs of Drugs on Kidney Function
		12.5 Questions and Answers
		12.6 Exercises
		Further Reading
Part III: Pharmacotherapy
	13: Drugs for Treatment of Gastrointestinal Diseases
		13.1 Pathophysiology and Pharmacotherapy of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)
		13.2 Pathophysiology and Pharmacotherapy of Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD)
		13.3 Pathophysiology and Pharmacotherapy of Diarrhea
		13.4 Pathophysiology and Pharmacotherapy of Constipation
		13.5 Pathophysiology and Pharmacotherapy of Ulcerative Colitis (UC) and Crohn’s Disease (CD)
		13.6 Questions and Answers
		13.7 Exercises
		Further Reading
	14: Drugs for Treatment of Respiratory Tract Diseases
		14.1	 Pathophysiology of Asthma
		14.2	 Pharmacotherapy of Asthma
		14.3	 Pathophysiology of  Chronic-Obstructive Lung Disease (COPD)
		14.4	 Pharmacotherapy of COPD
		14.5	 Pathophysiology of Cystic Fibrosis (CF)
		14.6	 Pharmacotherapy of CF
		14.7	 Questions and Answers
		14.8	 Exercises
		Further Reading
	15: Drugs for Treatment of Hypertension
		15.1	 Pathophysiology of Hypertension
		15.2	 Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells as Targets for Antihypertensive Drugs
		15.3	 Pharmacological Modulation of Blood Pressure via the RAAS
		15.4	 Class A Antihypertensive Drugs
		15.5	 Class B Antihypertensive Drugs
		15.6	 Class C Antihypertensive Drugs
		15.7	 Class D Antihypertensive Drugs
		15.8	 Drugs for Resistant Hypertension
		15.9	 Practical Aspects of Hypertension Therapy
		15.10	 Therapy of Hypertensive Emergencies
		15.11	 Questions and Answers
		15.12	 Exercises
		Further Reading
	16: Drugs for Treatment of Chronic Heart Failure and Coronary Heart Disease
		16.1	 Pathophysiology of Chronic Heart Failure (CHF)
		16.2	 Important Clinical Studies on CHF Pharmacotherapy
		16.3	 CHF Pharmacotherapy
		16.4	 Pathophysiology of Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) and Pharmacotherapeutic Concepts
		16.5	 Questions and Answers
		16.6	 Exercises
		Further Reading
	17: Drug-Induced Arrhythmias and Drugs for the Treatment of Arrhythmias
		17.1	 Pathophysiology of Arrhythmias and Pharmacological Interventions
		17.2	 Atrial Fibrillation (AF)
		17.3	 Ventricular Tachycardia (VT)
		17.4	 Torsade-de-pointes Arrhythmia (TdP)
		17.5	 Questions and Answers
		17.6	 Exercises
		Further Reading
	18: Drugs for Treatment of Thromboembolic Diseases
		18.1	 Hemostasis, Fibrinolysis, and Pharmacological Interventions for Thromboembolic Diseases
		18.2	 Heparins
		18.3	 Vitamin K Antagonists (VKAs)
		18.4	 Direct-Acting Oral Anticoagulants (DOACs)
		18.5	 Fibrinolytics
		18.6	 (Patho)physiological Regulation of Platelet Activation
		18.7	 Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors (PAIs)
		18.8	 Questions and Answers
		18.9	 Exercises
		Further Reading
	19: Drugs for Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus
		19.1	 Pathophysiology of Diabetes Mellitus (DM) and Pharmacotherapeutic Concepts
		19.2	 Insulins
		19.3	 Metformin
		19.4	 PPAR-γ Agonists
		19.5	 Sulfonylureas
		19.6	 GLP-1R Agonists and DPP4 Inhibitors
		19.7	 SGLT-2 Inhibitors
		19.8	 α-Glucosidase Inhibitors
		19.9	 Therapy of Hypoglycemia
		19.10	 Therapy of Diabetic Coma
		19.11	 Questions and Answers
		19.12	 Exercises
		Further Reading
	20: Drugs for Treatment of Osteoporosis
		20.1	 Pathophysiology of Osteoporosis and Pharmacological Interventions
		20.2	 Vitamin D3 and Calcium
		20.3	 Bisphosphonates
		20.4	 Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs)
		20.5	 Denosumab
		20.6	 Teriparatide
		20.7	 Questions and Answers
		20.8	 Exercises
		Further Reading
	21: Drugs for Treatment of Thyroid Gland Diseases
		21.1	 Physiology of the Thyroid Gland
		21.2	 Pathophysiology and Pharmacotherapy of Hyperthyroidism
		21.3	 Pathophysiology and Pharmacotherapy of Hypothyroidism
		21.4	 Questions and Answers
		21.5	 Exercises
		Further Reading
	22: Drugs for Treatment of Dyslipidemias
		22.1	 Pathogenesis of Atherosclerosis and Pharmacological Interventions
		22.2	 HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors
		22.3	 Inhibitors of Cholesterol Absorption
		22.4	 Bile Acid Sequestrants
		22.5	 PPAR-α Agonists
		22.6	 PCSK9 Inhibitors
		22.7	 Questions and Answers
		22.8	 Exercises
		Further Reading
	23: Drugs for Treatment of Gout
		23.1	 Pathophysiology of Gout
		23.2	 Drugs for Treatment of  Acute Gout
		23.3	 Drugs for Treatment of Chronic Gout
		23.4	 Questions and Answers
		23.5	 Exercises
		Further Reading
	24: Sex Hormones: Hormonal Contraception and Hormone Replacement Therapy
		24.1	 Physiology of Sex Hormones
		24.2	 Pharmacological Interventions
		24.3	 Hormonal Contraceptives
		24.4	 Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT) for Women
		24.5	 Questions and Answers
		24.6	 Exercises
		Further Reading
	25: Neuron Inhibitors with Pleiotropic Effects and Allosteric GABAAR Modulators
		25.1	 Neuropsychiatric Diseases with Neuronal Imbalance: Neuron Inhibitors with Pleiotropic Effects (NIPEs) as Pharmacological Strategy
		25.2	 Epilepsies as Paradigm for Diseases with Neuronal Imbalance and Treated with NIPEs
		25.3	 Selected NIPEs
		25.4	 Allosteric GABAAR Modulators
		25.5	 Questions and Answers
		25.6	 Exercises
		Further Reading
	26: Local Anesthetics
		26.1	 Mechanism of Action of Local Anesthetics
		26.2	 Important Local Anesthetics, Applications, and ADRs
		26.3	 Vasoconstrictors in Local Anesthesia
		26.4	 Questions and Answers
		26.5	 Exercises
		Further Reading
	27: Inhalation and Injection Anesthetics
		27.1	 Principles of Inhalation Anesthesia
		27.2	 Important Inhalation Anesthetics
		27.3	 Important Injection Anesthetics
		27.4	 Questions and Answers
		27.5	 Exercises
		Further Reading
	28: Drugs for Treatment of Depression and Bipolar Disorder
		28.1	 Pathophysiology of Depression and Pharmacotherapeutic Concepts
		28.2	 NSMRIs
		28.3	 SSRIs
		28.4	 SSNRIs
		28.5	 α2AR Antagonists
		28.6	 Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOIs)
		28.7	 Pathophysiology of Bipolar Disorder
		28.8	 Lithium and NIPEs
		28.9	 Nontraditional Indications of NE/5-HT Enhancers and Lithium
		28.10	 Treatment of Depression with p-mGPCR Antagonists
		28.11	 Questions and Answers
		28.12	 Exercises
		Further Reading
	29: Drugs for Treatment of Schizophrenia
		29.1	 Pathophysiology of Schizophrenia and Pharmacotherapeutic Concepts
		29.2	 D2R-mGPCR Antagonists
		29.3	 p-mGPCR Antagonists
		29.4	 Nontraditional Indications of mGPCR Antagonists
		29.5	 Treatment of Schizophrenia with NE/5-HT Enhancers, Lithium, and NIPEs
		29.6	 Questions and Answers
		29.7	 Exercises
		Further Reading
	30: Drugs for the Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease
		30.1	 Pathophysiology of Dementias and Pharmacotherapeutic Concepts
		30.2	 Currently Used Drugs
		30.3	 Pharmacological Strategies to Reduce Tau Aggregates
		30.4	 Pharmacological Strategies to Reduce Amyloid Plaques
		30.5	 Questions and Answers
		30.6	 Exercises
		Further Reading
	31: Drugs for the Treatment of Glaucoma and ­Age-Related Macular Degeneration
		31.1	 Pathophysiology of Glaucoma
		31.2	 Pharmacotherapy of Glaucoma
		31.3	 Pathophysiology of  Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD)
		31.4	 Pharmacotherapy of AMD
		31.5	 Questions and Answers
		31.6	 Exercises
		Further Reading
	32: Drugs for the Treatment of Malignant Tumor Diseases
		32.1	 Pathophysiology of Malignant Tumors and Pharmacological Interventions
		32.2	 Principles of Tumor Therapy
		32.3	 Classic Cytostatics
		32.4	 Targeted Therapeutics
		32.5	 Questions and Answers
		32.6	 Exercises
		Further Reading
	33: Drugs for the Treatment of Bacterial Infections
		33.1	 Principles of Antibacterial Chemotherapy
		33.2	 Important Bacterial Infections and Their Pharmacotherapy
		33.3	 Antibiotics Inhibiting Cell Wall Biosynthesis
		33.4	 Antibiotics Inhibiting DNA Replication
		33.5	 Antibiotics Inhibiting Protein Biosynthesis
		33.6	 Antibiotics Inhibiting Dihydrofolate Reductase
		33.7	 Anti-TB Drugs
		33.8	 Questions and Answers
		33.9	 Exercises
		Further Reading
	34: Drugs for the Treatment of Viral Infections
		34.1 Overview of Viral Infections and Pharmacological Interventions
		34.2 Virustatics for Treatment of Herpes Virus Infections
		34.3 Virustatics for Treatment of HIV Infections
		34.4 Virustatics for Treatment of Hepatitis C
		34.5 Questions and Answers
		34.6 Exercises
		Further Reading
	35: Drugs for the Treatment of Fungal Infections
		35.1 Overview of Important Fungal Infections and Their Pharmacotherapy
		35.2 Azole Antimycotics
		35.3 Polyene Antimycotics
		35.4 Echinocandins
		35.5 Questions and Answers
		35.6 Exercises
		Further Reading
	36: Integrative Case Studies
		36.1 Lessons from History: Arrhythmias After Tropical Fruit Party
		36.2 Questions and Answers
		36.3 Generalized Pruritus and Lack of Antibiotic Efficacy in Uncomplicated Cystitis
		36.4 Questions and Answers
		36.5 Pain Despite Therapy with Analgesics
		36.6 Questions and Answers
		36.7 Toddler with GI Infection and Spasmodic Torticollis in the Emergency Room
		36.8 Questions and Answers
		36.9 Critical Assessment of a Medication Plan
		36.10 Questions and Answers
		36.11 Ballerina with Nervousness and Hypertension
		36.12 Questions and Answers
		36.13 Gestational DM Due to Fenoterol Infusion?
		36.14 Questions and Answers
		36.15 Meaningful Long-Term Therapy with Pantoprazole?
		36.16 Questions and Answers
		36.17 Nervous Breakdown After Nocturnal Computer Sessions
		36.18 Questions and Answers
		36.19 Sufficient Analgesic Therapy for Metastasizing Mammary Carcinoma?
		36.20 Questions and Answers
		Further Reading
	37: The “100 List” of Drugs
		37.1 How the “100 List” Was Compiled
		37.2 Important Indications Covered by the “100 List”
		37.3 Unique Drugs in the “100 List” and Structurally Related Drugs
		37.4 Clinical Application of the “100 List”
		37.5 Important Medical Fields Covered by the “100 List”
		37.6 Risk of Abuse of the “100 List”
		37.7 Cultural Differences in the Availability and  Use of the “100 List”
		37.8 Pricing of the “100 List”
		37.9 20 Drugs from the “100 List” that Every Physician Should Prescribe
		37.10 Why Certain Commonly Prescribed Drugs Are Not in the “100 List”
		37.11 Questions and Answers
		37.12 Exercises
		Further Reading
List of Generic Drugs
Index