Basic Immunology: Functions and Disorders of the Immune System

Front Cover......Page 1
IFC
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Basic IMMUNOLOGY: FUNCTIONS AND DISORDERS OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM 
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Basic IMMUNOLOGY: FUNCTIONS AND DISORDERS OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
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Copyright
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Dedication......Page 7
PREFACE......Page 8
CONTENTS......Page 9
Basic IMMUNOLOGY: FUNCTIONS AND DISORDERS OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
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1 - Introduction to the Immune System: Nomenclature, General Properties, and Components......Page 13
TYPES OF ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY......Page 16
Specificity and Diversity......Page 18
Memory......Page 19
Other Features of Adaptive Immunity......Page 20
Lymphocytes......Page 21
Antigen-Presenting Cells......Page 26
Peripheral (Secondary) Lymphoid Organs and Tissues......Page 27
Lymphocyte Recirculation and Migration into Tissues......Page 32
SUMMARY......Page 33
2 - Innate Immunity: The Early Defense Against Infections......Page 35
GENERAL FEATURES AND SPECIFICITY OF INNATE IMMUNE RESPONSES......Page 36
Toll-Like Receptors......Page 38
Inflammasomes......Page 39
Cytosolic RNA and DNA Sensors......Page 41
Epithelial Barriers......Page 44
Phagocytes: Neutrophils and Monocytes/Macrophages......Page 45
Natural Killer Cells......Page 48
Lymphocytes with Limited Diversity......Page 50
Other Plasma Proteins of Innate Immunity......Page 51
INNATE IMMUNE REACTIONS......Page 53
Inflammation......Page 55
Recruitment of Phagocytes to Sites of Infection and Tissue Damage......Page 56
Phagocytosis and Destruction of Microbes......Page 57
Regulation of Innate Immune Responses......Page 58
ROLE OF INNATE IMMUNITY IN STIMULATING ADAPTIVE IMMUNE RESPONSES......Page 59
SUMMARY......Page 61
3 - Antigen Capture and Presentation to Lymphocytes: What Lymphocytes See......Page 63
ANTIGENS RECOGNIZED BY T LYMPHOCYTES......Page 64
CAPTURE OF PROTEIN ANTIGENS BY ANTIGEN-PRESENTING CELLS......Page 65
STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX MOLECULES......Page 69
Class II MHC Molecules......Page 70
Properties of MHC Genes and Proteins......Page 71
Inheritance Patterns and Nomenclature of HLA Genes......Page 72
Peptide Binding to MHC Molecules......Page 73
PROCESSING AND PRESENTATION OF PROTEIN ANTIGENS......Page 75
Proteolysis of Cytosolic Proteins......Page 76
Transport of Peptide-MHC Complexes to the Cell Surface......Page 77
Internalization and Proteolysis of Antigens......Page 78
Binding of Peptides to Class II MHC Molecules......Page 79
Cross-Presentation of Internalized Antigens to CD8+ T Cells......Page 80
Physiologic Significance of MHC-Associated Antigen Presentation......Page 81
ANTIGEN RECOGNITION BY B CELLS AND OTHER LYMPHOCYTES......Page 83
SUMMARY......Page 84
4 - Antigen Recognition in the Adaptive Immune System: Structure of Lymphocyte Antigen Receptors and Development of Immune Repertoires......Page 85
ANTIGEN RECEPTORS OF LYMPHOCYTES......Page 86
Antibodies......Page 88
Monoclonal Antibodies......Page 90
Antigen Recognition by the T Cell Receptor......Page 92
DEVELOPMENT OF B AND T LYMPHOCYTES......Page 95
Lymphocyte Development......Page 96
Somatic Recombination and Expression of Antigen Receptor Genes......Page 98
Mechanisms of V(D)J Recombination......Page 100
Early Steps in B Cell Maturation......Page 101
Role of the Pre-BCR Complex in B Cell Maturation......Page 103
Maturation and Selection of T Lymphocytes......Page 104
Early Steps in T Cell Maturation......Page 105
SUMMARY......Page 106
5 - T Cell–Mediated Immunity: Activation of T Lymphocytes......Page 108
PHASES OF T CELL RESPONSES......Page 109
Recognition of Peptide-MHC Complexes......Page 112
Role of Adhesion Molecules in T Cell Responses......Page 114
Role of Costimulation in T Cell Activation......Page 115
Stimuli for Activation of CD8+ T Cells......Page 117
BIOCHEMICAL PATHWAYS OF T CELL ACTIVATION......Page 118
Secretion of Cytokines and Expression of Cytokine Receptors......Page 121
Clonal Expansion......Page 122
Differentiation of Naive T Cells into Effector Cells......Page 123
MIGRATION OF T LYMPHOCYTES IN CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNE REACTIONS......Page 125
DECLINE OF THE IMMUNE RESPONSE......Page 128
SUMMARY......Page 129
TYPES OF T CELL–MEDIATED IMMUNE REACTIONS......Page 131
Subsets of CD4+ Helper T Cells Distinguished by Cytokine Profiles......Page 134
Th1 Cells......Page 135
Th2 Cells......Page 137
Development of Th2 Cells......Page 140
Th17 Cells......Page 141
Development of Th17 Cells......Page 142
DIFFERENTIATION AND FUNCTIONS OF CD8+ CYTOTOXIC T LYMPHOCYTES......Page 143
RESISTANCE OF PATHOGENIC MICROBES TO CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNITY......Page 144
SUMMARY......Page 148
PHASES AND TYPES OF HUMORAL IMMUNE RESPONSES......Page 149
Role of Innate Immune Signals in B Cell Activation......Page 153
Functional Consequences of B Cell Activation by Antigen......Page 155
Activation and Migration of Helper T Cells and B cells......Page 157
Presentation of Antigens by B Lymphocytes to Helper T Cells......Page 158
Extrafollicular and Germinal Center Reactions......Page 159
Heavy-Chain Isotype (Class) Switching......Page 161
Affinity Maturation......Page 164
ANTIBODY RESPONSES TO T-INDEPENDENT ANTIGENS......Page 166
REGULATION OF HUMORAL IMMUNE RESPONSES: ANTIBODY FEEDBACK......Page 167
SUMMARY......Page 168
PROPERTIES OF ANTIBODIES THAT DETERMINE EFFECTOR FUNCTION......Page 170
NEUTRALIZATION OF MICROBES AND MICROBIAL TOXINS......Page 173
OPSONIZATION AND PHAGOCYTOSIS......Page 174
THE COMPLEMENT SYSTEM......Page 176
Pathways of Complement Activation......Page 177
Functions of the Complement System......Page 180
Regulation of Complement Activation......Page 182
Mucosal Immunity......Page 183
Neonatal Immunity......Page 185
VACCINATION......Page 186
SUMMARY......Page 188
9 - Immunologic Tolerance and Autoimmunity: Self–Nonself Discrimination in the Immune System and Its Failure......Page 189
CENTRAL T LYMPHOCYTE TOLERANCE......Page 190
PERIPHERAL T LYMPHOCYTE TOLERANCE......Page 192
Anergy......Page 193
Regulation of T Cell Responses by Inhibitory Receptors......Page 194
Immune Suppression by Regulatory T Cells......Page 196
Deletion: Apoptosis of Mature Lymphocytes......Page 197
Central B Cell Tolerance......Page 199
Tolerance to Commensal Microbes in the Intestines and Skin......Page 200
Genetic Factors......Page 201
Role of Infections and Other Environmental Influences......Page 203
SUMMARY......Page 206
10 - Immunology of Tumors and Transplantation: Immune Responses to Cancer Cells and Normal Foreign Cells......Page 208
Tumor Antigens......Page 209
Immune Mechanisms of Tumor Rejection......Page 211
Evasion of Immune Responses by Tumors......Page 212
Passive Immunotherapy With Monoclonal Antibodies......Page 214
Adoptive T Cell Therapy......Page 215
Immune Checkpoint Blockade......Page 216
Stimulation of Host Antitumor Immune Responses by Vaccination With Tumor Antigens......Page 218
IMMUNE RESPONSES AGAINST TRANSPLANTS......Page 219
Induction of Immune Responses Against Transplants......Page 220
Immune Mechanisms of Graft Rejection......Page 223
Prevention and Treatment of Graft Rejection......Page 224
Transplantation of Blood Cells and Hematopoietic Stem Cells......Page 227
SUMMARY......Page 228
11 - Hypersensitivity: Disorders Caused by Immune Responses......Page 230
Activation of Th2 Cells and Production of IgE Antibody......Page 231
Activation of Mast Cells and Secretion of Mediators......Page 234
Clinical Syndromes and Therapy......Page 236
DISEASES CAUSED BY ANTIBODIES SPECIFIC FOR CELL AND TISSUE ANTIGENS......Page 237
Mechanisms of Antibody-Mediated Tissue Injury and Disease......Page 238
Examples and Treatment of Diseases Caused by Cell- or Tissue-Specific Antibodies......Page 240
DISEASES CAUSED BY ANTIGEN-ANTIBODY COMPLEXES......Page 241
Etiology of T Cell–Mediated Diseases......Page 242
Mechanisms of Tissue Injury......Page 243
NEUROIMMUNOLOGY: INTERACTIONS BETWEEN THE IMMUNE AND NERVOUS SYSTEMS......Page 244
SUMMARY......Page 246
12 - Congenital and Acquired Immunodeficiencies: Diseases Caused by Defective Immunity......Page 247
CONGENITAL (PRIMARY) IMMUNODEFICIENCIES......Page 248
Defects in Innate Immunity......Page 249
Defects in Lymphocyte Maturation......Page 250
Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID)......Page 251
Defects in B Cell Responses......Page 252
Defective Activation of T Lymphocytes......Page 254
ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME......Page 255
Human Immunodeficiency Virus......Page 256
Pathogenesis of AIDS......Page 258
Clinical Features of HIV Infection and AIDS......Page 260
SUMMARY......Page 262
Cells of the Innate Immune System......Page 264
Non-Classical Antigen Presentation......Page 265
Memory T Cells......Page 266
Helper T Cell–Dependent Antibody Responses......Page 267
Regulatory T Cells......Page 268
Recognition and Rejection of Allogeneic Transplants......Page 269
Congenital (Primary) Immunodeficiencies......Page 270
HIV and AIDS......Page 271
A......Page 272
C......Page 275
D......Page 279
F......Page 280
G......Page 281
H......Page 282
I......Page 283
J......Page 286
L......Page 287
M......Page 288
N......Page 290
P......Page 291
R......Page 293
S......Page 294
T......Page 296
V......Page 298
Z......Page 299
I - Principal Features of Selected CD Molecules......Page 300
II - Cytokines......Page 308
CASE 1: LYMPHOMA......Page 312
Answers to Questions for Case 1......Page 313
CASE 2: HEART TRANSPLANTATION COMPLICATED BY ALLOGRAFT REJECTION......Page 314
Answers to Questions for Case 2......Page 316
CASE 3: ALLERGIC ASTHMA......Page 317
Answers to Questions for Case 3......Page 318
CASE 4: SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS......Page 319
CASE 5: HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION: ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME......Page 320
Answers to Questions for Case 5......Page 322
C......Page 325
H......Page 327
L......Page 328
R......Page 329
V......Page 330
Z......Page 331
IBC
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