Basic civil and environmental engineering

Preface......Page 6
Contents......Page 8
Section I Basic Civil Engineering\n......Page 12
1.1 Civil Engineering Infrastructure Projects\n......Page 14
1.3 Importance of an Interdisciplinary Approach\n......Page 15
Questions\n......Page 16
2.1 Surveying\n......Page 17
2.5 Geotechnical and Foundation Engineering\n......Page 18
2.9 Transportation Engineering\n......Page 19
2.13 Project Management\n......Page 20
2.14 Remote Sensing\n......Page 21
Questions\n......Page 22
3.1 Stone\n......Page 23
3.3 Sand......Page 24
3.4 Reinforcing Steel\n......Page 25
3.7 Reinforced Cement Concrete\n......Page 26
3.8 Prestressed Concrete (PSC)\n......Page 27
3.10 Introduction to Smart Materials\n......Page 28
3.11 Recycling of Materials\n......Page 30
Questions\n......Page 33
4.2 Bearing Capacity\n......Page 35
4.3 Types of Shallow Foundations\n......Page 38
Questions\n......Page 44
5.2 Dead Loads\n......Page 45
5.3 Imposed Loads (IL)\n......Page 46
5.5 Snow Loads\n......Page 49
5.6 Earthquake Forces\n......Page 50
5.8 Load Combinations\n......Page 51
5.9 Types of Construction\n......Page 52
5.9 Composite Construction\n......Page 53
Questions\n......Page 54
6.1 Automation in Building Construction\n......Page 55
6.2 Automation in Dam Construction\n......Page 59
Questions\n......Page 60
7.2 Uses of Maps\n......Page 61
7.4 Principle of Surveying\n......Page 62
7.5 Modern Survey Methods\n......Page 63
7.7 Digital Planimeter for Measuring Areas From Maps\n......Page 69
Questions\n......Page 71
8.1 Definitions of Basic Terms Used in Levelling\n......Page 72
8.2 Principle of Direct Levelling\n......Page 73
8.3 Types of Levelling\n......Page 74
8.4 Preparation of Contour Maps\n......Page 76
Questions\n......Page 79
9.2 Areas of GIS Applications\n......Page 80
9.4 Other Surveying Software\n......Page 81
Questions\n......Page 82
Section II Environmental Engineering\n......Page 84
10.1 Concept of Environment\n......Page 86
10.3 Biotic and Abiotic Factors\n......Page 87
10.4 Ecological Cycles (Biogeochemical Cycles)\n......Page 92
10.5 Human (Anthropogenic) Impacts on Environment\n......Page 94
10.6 Need to Conserve Natural Resources\n......Page 115
10.7 Resource Conservation Practices\n......Page 118
10.8 Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)\n......Page 125
10.9 Solid Waste Management\n......Page 131
10.10 Electronic Waste (E-Waste) and Its Disposal\n......Page 134
11.0 Built Environment\n......Page 136
11.1 Natural and Man-Made Environment\n......Page 137
11.2 Environmental Approach of Built Environment\n......Page 138
11.3 Principles of Planning\n......Page 139
11.4 Role of Bye-Laws in Environmental Regulation\n......Page 147
11.5 Use of Various Eco-Friendly Materials in Construction\n......Page 149
11.6 Concept of Green Building\n......Page 151
12.1 Types of Energy Resources\n......Page 155
12.2 Growing Energy Demands and Need for Alternate Energy Resources\n......Page 161
12.3 Mehtods of Harnessing Energy\n......Page 162
12.4 Environmental Pollution\n......Page 178
12.5 Noise Pollution\n......Page 183
12.6 Water Treatment\n......Page 187
12.7 Water Pollution\n......Page 190
12.8 Land Pollution\n......Page 195