Basic Analytical Petrology

CONTENTS
Basic Tools 3
1.1 Elements and Oxides 3
1.1.1 Nomenclature and Tradition 3
1.1.2 Analytical Methods 8
1.1.3 Descriptive Statistics 13
1.1.4 An Example of the Analytical Method 24
1.2 Conversions 32
1.2.1 Weight/Weight Conversions 32
1.2.2 The Equivalent 37
1.2.3 Weight/Mole Conversions 38
1.2.4 Mineral Formulae 41
1.2.5 Norms 44
1.3 Saturation and Rock Series 52
1.3.1 Saturation 53
1.3.2 An Introduction to Variation Diagrams 57
1.3.3 Silica Saturation and Igneous Rock Series 61
1.3.4 Alumina Saturation and Granitoids 66
1.4 Linear Error Analysis 67
1.4.1 Formulation 67
1.4.2 Some Practical Examples 70
1.5 Review of Rock-forming Minerals 72
1.5.1 The WXYZ System 72
1.5.2 Silicate Structures 75
1.6 Very Basic BASIC 79
1.6.1 BASIC Basics 80
1.6.2 Four Examples 83
2 Classical Thermodynamics 94
2.1 Fundamental Laws and Free Energy 94
2.1.1 Definitions and Conventions 94
2.1.2 First Law 97
2.1.3 Enthalpy 99
2.1.4 Second Law and Entropy 101
2.1.5 Free Energy 103
2.2 Preparation for Phase Equilibria 108
2.2.1 Pressure-Temperature Diagrams 108
2.2.2 ldeality and Reality 119
2.2.3 Phase Rule 125
3 Unary and Binary Systems 132
3.1 Unary Systems 132
3.1.1 Water 132
3.1.2 Silica 136
3.2 Binary Systems with Immiscible Solids 140
3.2.1 The Experimental Method 140
3.2.2 Basic Principles 140
3.2.3 A P-T-X Diagram 145
3.2.4 A Simple Binary Eutectic 148
3.2.5 A Thermal Divide 157
3.2.6 A Peritectic 159
3.2.7 Fractional Processes 166
3.2.8 Liquid lmmiscibility 174
3.3 Binary Systems with Solid Solutions 174
3.3.1 A Transition Loop 177
3.3.2 Subsolidus Reactions 183
3.4 Binary Systems and P-T Diagrams 190
3.4.1 Preliminaries 191
3.4.2 Schreinemakers' Rules 194
4 Ternary and Quaternary Systems 199
4.1 Ternary Systems 199
4.1.1 A Simple Ternary Eutectic 199
4.1.2 Other Ternary Systems with Immiscible Solids 207
4.1.3 Ternary Systems with Solid Solutions 215
4.1.4 Quantitative Treatment 226
4.2 Quaternary Systems 236
4.2.1 System with a Quaternary Eutectic 236
4.2.2 A Haplobasalt System: AB-AN-Dl-FO 241
4.2.3 The Haplogranite System OR-AB-AN-Q-H20 245
5 Igneous Rocks 252
5.1 Melting and Crystallization Experiments 252
5.1.1 Dry Conditions 253
5.1.2 Effect of Volatiles 263
5.2 Treatment of Chemical Analyses 272
5.2.1 Trace Elements 272
5.2.2 Variation Diagrams Revisited 286
5.2.3 Numerical Modeling 313
5.2.4 Igneous Rock Series Revisited 320
5.3 Igneous Rocks and Plate Tectonics 329
5.3.1 Approaches 330
5.3.2 Comparisons 337
5.3.3 Conclusion 339
APPENDICES 340
REFERENCES 355
SUBJECT INDEX 363