Barrows at the core of Bronze Age Communities: Petersfield Heath excavations 2014–18 in their regional context

Foreword
Acknowledgements
List of contributors
Image credits
Summary of the volume
Section 1 The History and Archaeology of Petersfield Heath
People of the Heath Project
	Stuart Needham and George Anelay
	Background to the project, objectives and strategy
	Defining the regional study area
	Previous archaeological work in the Rother Region
	Round barrows, the Chalcolithic and the Bronze Age
	Modern excavations of barrow cemeteries
	Preliminary research for the excavations
	Geology and soil profiles of the Heath
	Structure of the volume
The Archaeology of Petersfield Heath: the State of Knowledge
	Stuart Needham and George Anelay
	Cartographic history of Petersfield Heath barrow cemetery
	Previous investigations and finds
	Size, distribution and structure of the cemetery
The Heath in Documented History
	Early history by Robert Banbury
	Military and recreational use of the Heath by David Jeffery
Section 2 Petersfield Heath Excavations
In Situ Mesolithic Sites
	George Anelay and Stuart Needham
	Site 1
	Site 11
	Site 13
	Site 18
	Site 19
	Site 21
	Site 23
	Site 24
	52 Heath Road
	78 Heath Road
	Distribution of Mesolithic flintwork across the Heath
Early Bronze Age Enclosure Barrows
	George Anelay and Stuart Needham
	Barrow 4, north-eastern subgroup
	Barrow 12, north-western subgroup
	Barrow 14, south-western subgroup
	Barrow 19, south-western subgroup
	Barrow 24, north-western subgroup
Early Bronze Age Mound Barrows
	George Anelay and Stuart Needham
	Barrow 1, north-eastern subgroup
	Barrow 2, north-eastern subgroup
	Barrow 3, north-eastern subgroup
	Barrow 5, north-eastern subgroup
	Barrow 6, north-eastern subgroup
	Barrow 7, north-eastern subgroup
	Barrow 8, north-eastern subgroup
	Barrow 9, north-eastern subgroup
	Barrow 10, north-eastern subgroup
	Barrow 11, north-western subgroup
	Barrow 13, south-western subgroup
	Barrow 15, south-western subgroup
	Barrow 18, south-western subgroup
	Barrow 20, south-western subgroup
	Barrow 22, north-western subgroup
	Barrow 23, north-western subgroup
Modern and Natural Sites
	George Anelay and Stuart Needham
	Site 17
	Site 21
Section 3 Burials and Other Significant Deposits
Burials in Graves and Coffins
	Barrow 11, central burial zone by Stuart Needham and George Anelay
		Explanation of the intermittent organic preservation by Gill Campbell
	Barrow 13, central burial and associated features by Stuart Needham and George Anelay
	Barrow 19, earlier central burial [405] by George Anelay and Stuart Needham
	Barrow 19, later central burial [406] by George Anelay, Stuart Needham and Carol Hartzenberg
Urn Burials
	Jane King and Stuart Needham
	Lifting and preparing the urns for micro-excavation
	Micro-excavation methodology
	Urn 1, Barrow 8
	Urn 2, Barrow 19 NE quadrant
	Urn 3, Barrow 19 centre
	Urn 4, Barrow 14 NW quadrant
Other Significant Deposits
	Stuart Needham and George Anelay
	Artefact deposits
	Ecofact deposits (charcoal and other wood)
Section 4Excavated Finds, Environmental Evidence and Dating
Bone Studies
	Cremated human bone by Emily Carroll
	Burnt animal bone fragments by Polydora Baker
	Strontium isotopes on cremated human remains by Rick Schulting, John Pouncett and Christophe Snoeck
Prehistoric Flintwork and a Review of the Regional Mesolithic
	Excavated flintwork assemblages from Petersfield Heath by Anthony Haskins
	The Mesolithic of the Rother Region by Anthony Haskins and Robert Banbury
Artefact Studies
	Flintwork from burials: making arrow and fire by Clément Nicolas
	Worked and unworked stone by Stuart Needham, with stone identifications by David Bone and a contribution from Peter Leeming
	Fossils by Peter Leeming
	Prehistoric pottery and other fired-clay objects
		Catalogue of Early Bronze Age pottery by Ann Woodward and Stuart Needham
			Discussion of Early Bronze Age pottery
			Early first millennium BC pottery by Stuart Needham
			Silt plaques, Barrow 19 Urn 3 burial by Stuart Needham
	Romano-British to modern pottery by Duncan H. Brown
	Bronze Age metalwork
		Dagger description and identification by Stuart Needham
			Analysis by Sarah Paynter
	Bronze Age beads by Alison Sheridan
	Mineral-replaced and stratigraphically implied organics by Stuart Needham
	Worked and unworked wood by Stuart Needham
Environmental Studies
	Past vegetation cover and human environment of Petersfield Heath by Michael Simmonds, Nicholas Branch, Deborah Cousins and Kevin Williams
	Geoarchaeological studies by Matthew Canti and Stuart Needham
Specialist Dating Evidence and Site Phasing
	Radiocarbon dating and Bayesian modelling of the Early Bronze Age dates by Stuart Needham, Peter Marshall and George Anelay
	Optically stimulated luminescence dating by Mark Bateman
	Site phasing by Stuart Needham
Section 5Barrows in the Rother Region
The Regional Barrow Survey
	Stuart Needham
	Methodology
	Potential confusions: other man-made mounds/enclosures and natural landscape features
	Classification of barrow morphologies in the Rother Region
	Aspects of detailed barrow morphology
	Overall composition of Rother Region barrows
	Mound dimensions
	Overview
Barrows in the Landscape: Density, Topographic Settings, Formations and Alignments
	Stuart Needham and Sabine Stevenson
	Regional environment
	Topographic setting of barrows
	Barrow-group formations
	Solstitial alignments
	Mound-size distributions
	Overview
Patterns of Destruction and Survival in the Barrowscape
	Stuart Needham and Sabine Stevenson
	Land-use history and barrow survival
	Zonal analysis
	Overview
Section 6Synthesis
Bronze Age Funerary Deposits and Structures in the Rother Region
	Stuart Needham
	Chalcolithic and transitional burials from the wider region (c. 2450‑2200/2150 BC)
	Early burials and grave goods from the Rother Region (c. 2200/2150‑1950 BC)
	Later burials and grave goods from the Rother Region (c. 1950‑1550 BC)
	Poorly dated Early Bronze Age burials
	Middle Bronze Age burials (c. 1600‑1150 BC)
	Barrow structures
	Overview
Neolithic and Bronze Age Occupation of the Rother Region
	Stuart Needham and Sabine Stevenson
	Vegetation background
	Neolithic activity
	Field systems, house sites and settlements
	Flintwork assemblages
	Diagnostic early metal age flintwork
	Bronze Age metalwork
	Overview
Identifying Early Bronze Age Communities
	Stuart Needham
	Principles of analysis
	Barrow-based differentiations
	Communities
	Ancestral guardianship of the land
	Overview
Petersfield Heath, Enclosure Barrows and Cultural Differentiation
	Stuart Needham and George Anelay
	Early occupants of Petersfield Heath and its environs
	Enter the barrow builders
	After the barrows
	Communities, livelihoods and population
	The barrow gradient and cultural backgrounds
	Petersfield Heath: setting, cosmology and position in the regional structure
Postscript: Barrow 31
References
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