Bare-Metal Embedded C Programming

Cover
Title_Page
Copyright and Credits
Foreword
Contributors
Table of Contents
Preface
Chapter 1: Setting Up the Tools of the Trade
	Technical requirements
	Essential development tools for microcontrollers
		Setting up the STM32CubeIDE
		Setting up the GNU Arm Embedded Toolchain
		Setting up OpenOCD
	The development board
		Understanding the role of a development board
		An overview of the NUCLEO-F411 Development Board
	Datasheets and manuals – unraveling the details
		Understanding STMicroelectronics’ documentation
		The generic user guide by ARM
		Getting the documents
	Navigating the STM32CubeIDE
	Understanding the control icons
	Summary
Chapter 2: Constructing Peripheral Registers from Memory Addresses
	Technical requirements
	The different types of firmware development
		HAL
		LL
		Bare-Metal C
		Assembly language
	Locating and understanding the development board’s components
		Locating the LED connection
		Locating the User Push button
		Locating the berg pins and Arduino-compatible headers
	Defining and creating registers through documentation insights
		Locating GPIO PORTA
		Clock gating
		The AHB1 ER
		Setting and clearing bits in registers
		The GPIO port mode register (GPIOx_MODER)
		GPIO Port Output Data Register (GPIOx_ODR)
	Register manipulation – from configuration to running your first firmware
		Register Definitions
		The UL suffix
		Main Function
	Summary
Chapter 3: Understanding the Build Process and Exploring the GNU Toolchain
	Technical requirements
	The foundations – understanding the embedded build process
		The pre-processing stage
		The compilation stage
		The assembly stage
		The linking stage
		The locating stage
	A tour of GNU binary tools for embedded systems
		arm-none-eabi-gcc
		Some common compiler flags
		Some architecture-specific flags
		Other commands in the GNU Toolchain for Arm
	From IDE to the command line – watching the build process unfold
		Observing the build process from the IDE’s perspective
		Compilation of assembly and C files
		Working with the GNU bin tools
		Uploading firmware to the microcontroller using OpenOCD
	Summary
Chapter 4: Developing the Linker Script and Startup File
	Technical requirements
	Understanding the STM32 memory model
		Flash memory
		SRAM
		Peripheral memory
	The linker script
		Understanding the linking process
		Key components of the linker script
		Linker script directives
		Understanding constants in linker scripts
		Linker script symbols
	Writing the linker script and startup file
		Understanding the load memory of different sections
		Interrupts and the vector table
		Writing the linker script
		Writing the startup file
		Testing our linker script and startup file
	Summary
Chapter 5: The “Make” Build System
	Technical requirements
	An introduction to build systems
		Make
		Maven
	The Make build system
		The basics of Make
		Installing and configuring Make
	Writing Makefiles for firmware projects
		Testing our Makefile
		Applying special and user-defined variables
	Summary
Chapter 6: The Common Microcontroller Software Interface Standard (CMSIS)
	Technical requirements
	Defining peripheral registers with C structures
		Getting the base address and offsets of registers
		Implementing the peripheral structures
		Evaluating the structure-based register access method
	Understanding CMSIS
		What is CMSIS?
		Key components of CMSIS
		The CMSIS coding rules
		The CMSIS-Core files
	Setting up the required CMSIS files
		Getting the right header files
		Working with CMSIS files
	Summary
Chapter 7: The General-Purpose Input/Output (GPIO) Peripheral
	Technical requirements
	Understanding the GPIO peripheral
	The STM32 GPIO registers
		The GPIO mode register (GPIOx_MODER)
		The GPIO output data register (GPIOx_ODR) and the GPIO input data register (GPIOx_IDR)
		The GPIO bit-set/reset register (GPIOx_BSRR)
		The GPIO alternate function registers (GPIOx_AFRL and GPIOx_AFRH)
	Developing input and output drivers
		The GPIO output driver using the BSRR
		The GPIO input driver
	Summary
Chapter 8: System Tick (SysTick) Timer
	Technical requirements
	Introduction to the SysTick timer
		Overview of the SysTick timer
		SysTick timer registers
	Developing a driver for the SysTick timer
	Summary
Chapter 9: General-Purpose Timers (TIM)
	Technical requirements
	Introduction to timers and their uses
	Common use cases of timers
		Time interval measurement
		Delay generation
		Event trigger
	STM32 timers
		Introduction to general-purpose timers and advanced timers
		How STM32 timers work
	Developing the timer driver
	Summary
Chapter 10: The Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter Protocol
	Technical requirements
	Introduction to communication protocols
		What are communication protocols?
		Comparing UART, SPI, and I2C
		Common use cases for the UART, SPI, and I2C protocols
	Overview of the UART protocol
		What is UART?
		The interface
		How UART works
		The STM32F4 UART peripheral
	Developing the UART driver
	Summary
Chapter 11: Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC)
	Technical requirements
	Overview of analog-to-digital conversion
		What is analog-to-digital conversion?
		Key specifications of the ADC – resolution, step size, and VREF
	The STM32F4 ADC peripheral
		The ADC channels
		Understanding regular channels versus injected channels in STM32F411 ADC
	The key ADC registers and flags
		ADC Control Register 1 (ADC_CR1)
		ADC Control Register 2 (ADC_CR2)
		ADC Regular Sequence Register (ADC_SQRx)
		ADC Data Register (ADC_DR)
		ADC Status Register (ADC_SR)
		The key ADC flags
	Developing the ADC driver
	Summary
Chapter 12: Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI)
	Technical requirements
	Overview of the SPI protocol
		What is SPI?
		Key features of SPI
		The SPI interface
		How SPI works
		CPHA and CPOL
		Data modes
		SPI speed
	The STM32F4 SPI peripherals
		Key features
		Key SPI registers
	Developing the SPI driver
		Defined macros
		GPIO initialization for SPI
		SPI1 configuration
		Transmitting data with SPI
		SPI data reception
		CS management
		The header file
		Getting to know the ADXL345 accelerometer
		Understanding key concepts – static acceleration of gravity, tilt-sensing, and dynamic acceleration
		Developing the ADXL345 driver
	Summary
Chapter 13: Inter-Integrated Circuit (I2C)
	Technical requirements
	An overview of the I2C protocol
		What is I2C?
	The STM32F4 I2C peripherals
		The key I2C registers
	Developing the I2C driver
	Summary
Chapter 14: External Interrupts and Events (EXTI)
	Technical requirements
	Interrupts and their role in firmware
		What are interrupts?
		How do interrupts work?
		Importance of interrupts in firmware
		Interrupts versus exceptions
		Comparative analysis—interrupt-driven solutions versus polling-based solutions
	The STM32 EXTI controller
		Key features of the EXTI
		External interrupt/event line mapping
	Developing the EXTI driver
		EXTI_IMR
		EXTI_RTSR
		EXTI_FTSR
		Pending Register (EXTI_PR)
		The EXTI driver
	Summary
Chapter 15: The Real-Time Clock (RTC)
	Technical requirements
	Understanding RTCs
		How do RTCs work?
		Common use cases for RTCs
	The STM32 RTC module
		The main features of the STM32F4 RTC module
		The key components of the STM32F4 RTC module
	Some key RTC registers
		RTC Time Register (RTC_TR)
		RTC Date Register (RTC_DR)
		RTC Control Register (RTC_CR)
		RTC Initialization and Status Register (RTC_ISR)
		RTC Prescaler Register (RTC_PRER)
		RTC Alarm Registers (RTC_ALRMAR and RTC_ALRMBR)
		RTC Wakeup Timer Register (RTC_WUTR)
	Developing the RTC driver
		The RTC implementation file
		Understanding BCD format
		The header file
		The main file
	Summary
Chapter 16: Independent Watchdog (IWDG)
	Technical requirements
	Understanding WDTs
		What are WDTs?
		How WDTs work
		Common use cases
		Types of WDTs
	The STM32 IWDG
		Key features of the IWDG
		How the IWDG works
		IWDG registers
	Developing the IWDG driver
		The IWDG implementation file
		The main file
		Testing the project
	Summary
Chapter 17: Direct Memory Access (DMA)
	Technical requirements
	Understanding Direct Memory Access (DMA)
		How DMA works
		Key features
		Common use cases
	The DMA modules of the STM32F4 microcontroller
		The key features of the STM32F4 DMA controller
		Transfer modes
		DMA data modes
		The STM32F4 DMA block diagram
		The key STM32 DMA registers
	Developing the ADC DMA driver
		The ADC DMA driver
	Developing the UART DMA driver
	Developing the DMA memory-to-memory driver
	Summary
Chapter 18: Power Management and Energy Efficiency in Embedded Systems
	Technical requirements
	An overview of power management techniques
		Dynamic Voltage and Frequency Scaling (DVFS)
		Clock gating
		Power gating
		Low-power modes
		Case study 1 – an energy-efficient smartwatch
		Case study 2 – a solar-powered environmental monitor
		Low-power modes in STM32F4
	Wake-up sources and triggers from low-power modes in STM32F4
		Understanding wake-up sources
		Practical considerations
	Developing a driver to enter standby mode and wake up
		Summary
Index
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