Bacterial Organelles and Organelle-Like Inclusions

Preface
Contents
Polyphosphate Granules and Acidocalcisomes
	1 Introduction
	2 Staining and Detection of polyP
	3 Functions of polyP
	4 Key Enzymes of polyP Metabolism
	5 PolyP Granules in Prokaryotes
	6 The polyP Granule Proteome
	7 Phosins: polyP Granule-Associated Proteins with CHAD-Domains
	8 Other polyP Granule-Associated Proteins
	9 Acidocalcisomes in Prokaryotes
	References
Bacterial Intracellular Sulphur Globules
	1 Introduction
	2 History
	3 Elemental Sulphur
	4 Organisms Forming Intracellular Sulphur Globules
	5 Subcellular Localization of Sulphur Globules
	6 Properties and Function of Sulphur Globule Proteins
	7 Speciation of Sulphur
	8 Formation of Stored Sulphur
	9 Degradation of Stored Sulphur
		9.1 Oxidative Degradation
		9.2 Reductive Degradation
	10 Outlook
	References
Biosynthesis and Intracellular Organization of Magnetosomes in Magnetotactic Bacteria
	1 Introduction
	2 Architecture and Biosynthesis of Magnetosomes
	3 Formation of Magnetosome Membrane Vesicles
	4 Biomineralization of Magnetite Crystals
	5 Structure, Assembly, and Positioning of Magnetosome Chains
	6 Three-dimensional Chain Positioning, Motility Axis, and Magnetotaxis
	References
Gas Vesicles of Archaea and Bacteria
	1 Introduction
	2 Ecology of Gas Vesicle-Producing Archaea and Bacteria
		2.1 Halophilic Archaea
		2.2 Phototrophs and Other Aquatic Bacteria
		2.3 The Enterobacterium Serratia sp. ATCC39006
	3 Gas Vesicle Wall and Proposed Structure of GvpA
		3.1 Gas Permeability and Critical Collapse Pressure
		3.2 GvpA Protein and the Gas Vesicle Wall
		3.3 Effect of Point Mutations in GvpA
		3.4 The Stabilizing Protein GvpC
	4 Gas Vesicle Genes and Proteins of Haloarchaea
		4.1 Gas Vesicle Gene Clusters
		4.2 Transcription of gvp Genes and Putative Functions of Their Gene Products
		4.3 Regulation of Gas Vesicle Formation by GvpDE and Other Factors
	5 Gas Vesicle Genes and Proteins of Bacteria
		5.1 Gas Vesicle Genes of Cyanobacteria
		5.2 The Gas Vesicle Gene Cluster of Serratia Sp. ATCC39006
		5.3 The gvp Gene Clusters of Soil Bacteria
	6 Applications of Gas Vesicles
		6.1 Antigen Display and Antibody Formation
		6.2 Novel Enhancement Tool in Acoustic Resonance Imaging
		6.3 Imaging of Microbes in the Mammalian Microbiome
	7 Conclusion
	References
The Anammoxosome Organelle: The Power Plant of Anaerobic Ammonium-Oxidizing (Anammox) Bacteria
	1 Introduction
	2 Anammoxosome Structure
		2.1 Membrane Curvature
		2.2 Tubule-Like Structures
		2.3 Iron-Containing Particles and Encapsulins
	3 Anammoxosome Function: Energy Metabolism
		3.1 Anammox Reaction 1: Nitrite Reduction to Nitric Oxide
		3.2 Anammox Reaction 2: Hydrazine Synthesis from Nitric Oxide and Ammonium
		3.3 Hydrazine Oxidation to Dinitrogen Gas
		3.4 Electron Cycling and Energy Conversion
	4 Anammox Membrane Lipids: Ladderanes
	5 Concluding Remarks
	References
Bacterial Microcompartments
	1 Introduction
	2 Shell Structure and Function
	3 BMC Superloci
	4 Organization of the β-Carboxysome Interior
	5 Positioning and Segregation of Carboxysomes
	6 Concluding Remarks
	References
The Cyanophycin Granule Peptide from Cyanobacteria
	1 Introduction
	2 Cyanophycin: A Nitrogen-Rich Storage Compound
	3 Structure of Cyanophycin
	4 Physiological Function of Cyanophycin in the Context of Nitrogen Fixation
		4.1 Cyanophycin in Heterocyst-Forming Cyanobacteria
		4.2 Cyanophycin in Non-diazotrophic Cyanobacteria
	5 Enzymes of Cyanophycin Metabolism
		5.1 Cyanophycin Synthetase (CphA)
		5.2 Cyanophycinase (CphB)
		5.3 Aspartyl-Arginine Dipeptidase
	6 Genetic Organization and Expression of cphA and cphB
	7 Biotechnological Production of Cyanophycin
		7.1 Cyanophycin Production Using Recombinant Production Hosts
		7.2 Dependence of CGP Production from Arginine Biosynthesis
		7.3 Overproduction of Cyanophycin by Genetic Engineering the PII Signaling System
	References
Storage Polysaccharides in Prokaryotes: Glycogen, Granulose, and Starch-Like Granules
	1 Introduction
	2 Glycogen Particles, Starch-Like Granules, and Granulose in Prokaryotes
	3 Three Biosynthesis Glycogen Pathways in Prokaryotes
		3.1 Nucleotide-Sugar-Based Glycogen Biosynthetic Pathway in Bacteria: GlgC Pathway
			Nucleotide-Sugar Synthesis: UDP-/ADP-Glucose Pyrophosphorylase (EC 2.7.7.27)
			Formation of α-1,4 Linkages: Glycogen/Starch Synthase
			Formation of α-1,6 Linkages: Glycogen/Starch Branching Enzyme
			De Novo Biosynthesis of Glucan Chains
		3.2 Alternative Glycogen Biosynthesis Pathways in Prokaryotes: The GlgE Pathway
		3.3 Other Glycogen Biosynthesis Pathways in Prokaryotes: The MalQ Path
	4 Glycogen Catabolic Paths in Prokaryotes
		4.1 Glycogen Phosphorylase
		4.2 Glycogen Debranching Enzyme
	5 Starch Granules in Unicellular Diazotrophic Cyanobacteria: Convergent Evolution of Glucan Trimming Mechanism in the Starch B...
		5.1 Why Do Unicellular Nitrogen-Fixing Cyanobacteria Synthesize Starch-Like Granules Rather Than Glycogen?
	6 Granulose: Another Example of Transition from Soluble to Insoluble Storage Polysaccharide?
		6.1 Firmicutes Phylum: Clostridium sp.
		6.2 Candidatus Methylacidiphilum fumariolicum
	7 Storage Polysaccharide and Fitness in Prokaryotes
		7.1 The Accumulation of Abnormal Glycogen Affects the Aging of Prokaryotes
	8 Conclusion and Perspectives
	References
Wax Ester and Triacylglycerol Inclusions
	1 Introduction
	2 Occurrence of Storage Lipids in Prokaryotes and Their Chemical Structure
		2.1 TAGs in Bacteria
		2.2 WEs in Bacteria
	3 Metabolism of Storage Lipids in Bacteria
		3.1 TAG Metabolism
		3.2 WE Metabolism
	4 Structure and Morphology of Prokaryotic Lipid Inclusions
		4.1 TAG Inclusions
		4.2 WE Inclusions
	5 Formation of TAG and WE Inclusions and PHA Granules in Prokaryotes
		5.1 TAG Inclusions
		5.2 WE Inclusions
		5.3 PHA Granules
	6 Structure, Formation, and Protein Equipment of Eukaryotic Lipid Inclusions
		6.1 Plants
		6.2 Mammals
		6.3 Eukaryotic Microorganisms
	7 Microbial Lipids as Sources for Biofuels
	8 Concluding Remarks and Future Perspectives
	References
Carbonosomes
	1 Introduction
	2 Composition of the Carbonosome Core
	3 Protein Composition of the Carbonosome Surface Layer
	4 The Carbonosome of Ralstonia eutropha
	5 Proteins of the R. eutropha Carbonosome
		5.1 PHB Synthases (PhaCs)
		5.2 Phasins (PhaPs)
		5.3 PHB Depolymerases (PhaZs)
		5.4 Proteins Binding to PHB Granules and to DNA
		5.5 Other Proteins Bound to PHB Granules
	6 The Carbonosome of Pseudomonas putida
		6.1 mcl-PHA Synthases (mcl-PhaCs)
		6.2 mcl-PHA Depolymerase (mcl-PhaZs)
		6.3 Phasins
		6.4 Proteins Binding to mcl-PHA Granules and to DNA
		6.5 Other mcl-PHA-Bound Proteins
	7 Are Carbonosomes Covered by a Phospholipid Monolayer?
	8 Biogenesis of Carbonosomes
	9 Novel Function of Carbonosomes
	References