Aviation Noise Impact Management. Technologies, Regulations, and Societal Well-being in Europe

Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgements
Contents
Understanding the Basics of Aviation Noise
	Context of Aviation Noise
	Basics of Physical Mechanisms, Metrics and Perception
		Sound Pressure Level and Loudness
		Temporal Behaviour: Peak/instantaneous Levels versus Equivalent Levels
		Lden: Day Evening Night Level
		Source Directivity
		Effective Perceived Noise Level: EPNL
	Reference
Noise Burden in Europe
	Introduction
	The Regulation Behind the Data Collection
		The Scope of the END Exclusions
		The Method Exclusions
		The Data Collection Exclusions
	Health Risk by Aviation Noise in Europe
		People Exposed to High Levels of Environmental Noise
		Health Risk Associated with Noise Exposure
		Burden of Disease
	Uncertainties in the Estimation Data
	Challenges for the Near Future
	References
Regulating and Reducing Noise Today
Balanced Approach to Aircraft Noise Management
	From Noise Exposure to Noise Annoyance—Introduction Issues
		The Global Footprint of Aviation Noise
		The ICAO Noise Certification Procedure for Aircraft
		Reduction of Aircraft Noise at Source
	Land-Use Planning and Noise Impact Management Issues
	Airport Planning Manual for Appropriate Land-Use Inside Noise Zone
		Aircraft Operational Measures for Noise Reduction
		Departure Procedures
		Aircraft Operating Restrictions to Reduce Noise Exposure
	Conclusion: From Noise Exposure to Noise Impact Management
	References
Perspective on 25 Years of European Aircraft Noise Reduction Technology Efforts and Shift Towards Global Research Aimed at Quieter Air Transport
	Introduction—Background and General Context of Noise from Air Transport Operations
	European Context—ACARE Strategic Research Agendas and Establishment of the 2020 and 2050 Aviation Environmental Goals
	Phased Strategy Towards 2020 Targets and Beyond
	A Coordinated European Aviation Noise Research Effort
		Overall Approach to Coordination
		Noise Reduction at Source—Technological Achievements and Perspectives
		Noise Abatement Procedures (NAP)—Achievements and Perspectives
		Improvement in the Understanding of Aircraft Noise and Its Impacts
	Assessment of Progress Relative to ACARE Noise Reduction Targets
		Background and Methodology
		Changing Boundary Conditions
		2015 Progress Assessment
		Recent Developments in Assessing ACARE 2020 and 2050 Noise Targets and Associated Recommendations
	Addressing the Longer Term Objectives—Noise and the ACARE SRIA
		Identifying the Conditions for a Successful Strategy Aimed at the 2050 Noise Target while Considering a Wider Noise Research Effort Allowing Full Implementation of the Balanced Approach
		Establishing the Common Strategic Research Roadmap for Aviation Noise Reduction
	Community Building
		General Overview
		Integration of Research Community
		Collaboration Efforts and Outreach
	Lessons Learned
		Reflecting on the Technology Focused Effort and the Extended Research Scope
		Noise vs Emissions
		EU Transport Noise Policy
Future Aircraft and the Future of Aircraft Noise
	The Need for Novel Aircraft Configurations
	Boundary Layer Ingestion and the NOVA Concept: Implications on Noise
		The NOVA Aircraft
		ARTEM Objectives and Work Sharing
		Acoustic Assessment at Low Speed
		Acoustic Assessment at High Speed
	Conclusions and Perspectives on the BLI Study
	FRIDA, a Framework for Innovative Design in Aeronautics
	Aircraft Design and Noise Prediction for Novel Concepts
	Benefits of the Box-Wing Architecture for Passenger Aircraft—The H2020 Project “PARSIFAL”
	Sustainable SuperSonic Transport: Technical Challenges and Noise Certification
	Concluding Remarks
	References
Competing Agendas for Land-Use Around Airports
	Introduction
	Iasi Airport Case Study
		Introduction
		Experience with Aircraft Noise Management Prior to ANIMA
		Progress Within the ANIMA Project
		Conclusions
	Insulation Case Study
		Introduction
		Background
		Sound Insulation Schemes Studied
		Discussion
		Conclusions
	Overall Discussion
	Conclusions
	References
Beyond Flying Machines, Human Beings
Impact of Aircraft Noise on Health
	What Are the Health Impacts of Aircraft Noise Exposure
		Cardiovascular Diseases
		Sleep Disturbance
		Cognitive Impairment
		Mental Health and Well-Being
		Hearing Impairment
		Adverse Birth Outcomes
		Metabolic Diseases
		Noise Annoyance—A Mediator of Aircraft Noise Effects on Health?
	Why Does Aircraft Noise Exposure Have an Impact on Health?
		General Health-Related Mechanisms of Aircraft Noise Exposure
		Health-Related Mechanisms of Aircraft Noise Exposure During Sleep
		Individual Risk Factors in the Causal Chain from Noise to Health Outcomes
	Current Gaps in the Relationship Between Aircraft Noise Exposure and Health Outcomes
	Conclusions
	References
Coping with Aviation Noise: Non-Acoustic Factors Influencing Annoyance and Sleep Disturbance from Noise
	Annoyance as the Most Common Psychological Effect of Noise and Its Non-Acoustic Influence Factors
		Personal and Social Factors
		Contextual and Situational Factors
		Social Aspects of the Noise Management
	Sleep Disturbance as the Most Common Neuro-Behavioral and Physiological Effect of Noise and Its Non-Acoustic Influence Factors
	Situational Factors
	Personal Factors
	Relation Between Sleep Disturbance and Annoyance
	Role of Non-Acoustic Factors for Aircraft Noise Interventions
	Role of Airport Interventions on Quality of Life in Airport Regions
		Natural and Living Environment
		Productive or Main Activity
		Education and Leisure
	Conclusions: How to Deal with Non-Acoustic Factors in Aircraft Noise Management?
	References
Engaging Communities in the Hard Quest for Consensus
	Introduction
	The Role of Media Coverage
	Results of the ANIMA Media Coverage Analysis
	Communication and Engagement and Noise Management
	Why is Fairness so Important in this Context?
	Fairness as the Overall Goal
	What is Communication and Engagement
	A Tale of Communication and Engagement Gone Wrong
	How to Do ‘Good’ Communication and Engagement
	Vienna Airport: Now an Example of Good Communication and Engagement
	Evaluation
	Evaluating Fairness in the Context of Aircraft Noise Management—Introduction of an Psychometric Instrument
	ANIMA in Action
	Rotterdam the Hague
	Closing Remark
	References
Towards Innovative Ways to Assess Annoyance
	Introduction
	Immersive Simulation to Mimic Real-Life Experiences
		Validation of a Virtual Reality Application for Aircraft Noise
		Effectiveness of This Virtual Reality Application for Better Communication
	Mobile Application to Assess People's “Annoyance”
		Introduction
		The ANIMA Mobile Application (AnimApp)
		Experiences Around Two Airports
	Using Twitter as a Survey Tool: Understanding people’s Opinions of Quality of Life Around Airports
		Context
		Scientific Background
		Analysis Pipeline
		Future Work
	Conclusion
	References
Towards Mapping of Noise Impact
	Introduction
	Noise Management Toolset
		Objectives of the Tool
		Working Principle
		Airports
		Building of Scenarios
		Visualisation of Results
		Future Work
	Virtual Community Tool
		Aim of the Tool
		Working Principle
		Features
		Scenario Show-Cases
	Dynamic Noise Maps
		Background and Definition
		Human Mobility Patterns
		Different Ways of Collecting Human Mobility Patterns
		Methodology
		How Do Human Mobility Patterns Influence the Population Noise Exposure Around an Airport?
		ANIMA Case Study: Dynamic Noise Maps for Ljubljana Airport
		Further Developments
	References
ANIMA Noise Platform and ANIMA Methodology: One-Stop Shop for Aviation Noise Management
	How is ANIMA Different and What is its Added Value
	Community Engagement in ANIMA Project
	ANIMA Noise Platform
	‘Designing’ Effective Noise Management Measures
	Design-Led Approaches to Noise Management
	The ANIMA Methodology
		Identification of the Need for an Intervention
		Design of Options
		Selection of Intervention Option
		Implementation
		Post-Evaluation
		Lessons Learnt
	References
Overall Perspectives
	Lesson One—Aircraft Noise Is Not Aviation Noise
	Lesson two—As for Technology, Research On Aircraft Noise Must Favour Disruptive Concepts
	Lesson Three—Noise Regulations Based on Metrics Do Not Protect Against Annoyance
	Lesson Four—We Do Not Know What Annoyance Is, But We Know How It Is Mediated
	Lesson Five—Do Not Presume Communities’ Expectations. Be Fair With Them, Listen To Them And Empower Them
	Lesson Six—Evaluate Measures Taken On A Regular Basis
	Lesson Seven—Do Not Wait Until It Is Too Late For Implementing Regulation 598/2014
	Lesson Eight—Providing Experience Of “Pathfinders” And “Experienced Travellers” To Airports “Starting The Journey”
	Lesson 9—Build On And Widen The Anima Experience And Its Methods
	Summary of Recommendations
Glossary