Autonomic neuroimmunology

Book Cover......Page 1
Half-Title......Page 2
Title......Page 5
Copyright......Page 6
Contents......Page 7
Preface to the Series—Historical and Conceptual Perspective of the Autonomic Nervous System Book Series......Page 9
Preface......Page 15
Contributors......Page 16
INTRODUCTION TO NEURAL MODULATION OF IMMUNE RESPONSES......Page 22
IDENTIFICATION OF ADRENOCEPTORS ON CELLS OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM......Page 23
AUTONOMIC INNERVATION OF ORGANS OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM......Page 24
SYMPATHETIC NERVES MODULATE INNATE AND ACQUIRED IMMUNE RESPONSES......Page 25
INFECTIOUS DISEASE AND WOUND HEALING......Page 26
Breast cancer models......Page 27
CHRONIC STRESS, IMMUNE SENESCENCE, AND A PATTERN OF IMMUNE CHANGES......Page 28
SYMPATHETIC NERVES AND CATECHOLAMINES IN COMPLEMENTARY AND INTEGRATIVE MEDICINE......Page 29
REFERENCES......Page 31
2 Interactions between the Adrenergic and Immune Systems......Page 36
HOW DOES THE IMMUNE SYSTEM SIGNAL THE PVN?......Page 37
NEUROANATOMICAL PATHWAYS AND CONNECTIONS OF THE NEUROIMMUNE REGULATORY SYSTEM......Page 39
BIOCHEMICAL MEDIATORS OF THE ACTIONS OF IMMUNE STIMULI ON THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM......Page 40
FUNCTIONAL CONSEQUENCES OF IMMUNE STIMULI ON THE NEUROIMMUNE REGULATORY SYSTEM......Page 41
EFFECTS OF SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM ACTIVATION ON IMMUNE FUNCTION......Page 42
ADRENERGIC REGULATION OF ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY......Page 44
DOES IT REALLY WORK LIKE THAT?......Page 47
WHEN DO THE ADRENAL GLAND AND SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM EXERT THEIR COUNTERREGULATORY EFFECTS?......Page 48
REFERENCES......Page 50
3 Enteric Neural Reflexes and Secretion......Page 55
Chemical stimuli......Page 57
Mechanical stimuli......Page 59
IPANs......Page 60
Myenteric inputs......Page 61
SECRETOMOTOR NEURONS......Page 62
INTEGRATIVE FUNCTION......Page 63
CGRP IN INTESTINAL REFLEXES......Page 64
GLUTAMATE IN INTESTINAL REFLEXES......Page 65
Adenosine modulation of intestinal reflexes......Page 66
Nucleotides in intestinal reflexes......Page 70
COORDINATION OF SECRETION AND MOTILITY......Page 71
ENTEROCHROMAFFIN CELL MODEL—BON CELLS......Page 72
SUMMARY......Page 73
REFERENCES......Page 74
INTRODUCTION......Page 80
SYSTEMIC INFLAMMATION AS A THERAPEUTIC TARGET......Page 81
MAMMALIAN EVOLUTION CONFERRED REDUNDANT STRATEGIES FOR SUPPRESSING SYSTEMIC, LETHAL INFLAMMATION BY DEACTIVATING MACROPHAGES......Page 82
IMMUNE TO BRAIN COMMUNICATION: HUMORAL SUBSTRATES......Page 83
IMMUNE TO BRAIN COMMUNICATION: AFFERENT NEURAL SIGNALS......Page 84
BRAIN TO IMMUNE COMMUNICATION: EFFERENT NEURAL SIGNALS......Page 85
The protective effects of CNI-1493 are abolished by surgical or chemical vagotomy......Page 86
Cholinergic agonists......Page 87
REFERENCES......Page 88
5 Developmental Regulation and Functional Integration by the Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP) Neuroimmune Mediator......Page 93
VIP......Page 94
VPAC-1/VPAC-2/PAC-1 RECEPTORS......Page 96
VPAC-1......Page 97
VPAC-2......Page 98
VIP AS A NEURODEVELOPMENTAL AND NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR......Page 99
IMMUNE CELL VIP RECEPTORS......Page 102
TRAFFICKING, ADHESION AND MIGRATION......Page 103
MODULATION OF CYTOKINE PRODUCTION......Page 105
IMMUNE CONSEQUENCES OF GENETIC MODIFICATIONS OF VPAC RECEPTORS IN T CELLS......Page 106
REFERENCES......Page 107
CALCITONIN GENE-RELATED PEPTIDE......Page 114
CGRP RECEPTORS......Page 116
CGRP, INFLAMMATION AND EFFECTS ON T CELLS......Page 118
CGRP EFFECTS ON MACROPHAGES......Page 119
CGRP EFFECTS ON B LYMPHOCYTES......Page 120
REFERENCES......Page 122
INTRODUCTION......Page 130
SUBSTANCE P SYNTHESIS......Page 131
SOURCES OF SUBSTANCE P......Page 132
SYNTHESIS AND STRUCTURE......Page 133
NK1 RECEPTORS AND INTRACELLULAR SIGNALLING......Page 134
REGULATION OF NK1 RECEPTORS......Page 135
Schistosomiasis......Page 136
Salmonellosis......Page 138
Antigenic reactions......Page 139
NEUROGENIC INFLAMMATION, SUBSTANCE P AND NK1 RECEPTORS......Page 140
THYMUS......Page 141
BONE MARROW......Page 142
T AND B LYMPHOCYTES......Page 143
Indirect effects......Page 144
REFERENCES......Page 145
INTRODUCTION......Page 158
MAST CELLS......Page 160
MORPHOLOGIC EVIDENCE FOR MAST CELL–NERVE ASSOCIATION......Page 161
MAST CELL ACTIVATION......Page 162
TNF-a......Page 163
TRYPTASE......Page 164
PRIMING......Page 165
NEURALLY MEDIATED ACTIVATION OF MAST CELLS......Page 166
NERVE GROWTH FACTOR (NGF)......Page 167
THE BRAIN, STRESS AND THE IMMUNE SYSTEM......Page 169
DELAYED TYPE HYPERSENSITIVITY......Page 170
THE MAST CELL IN THE NERVOUS SYSTEM......Page 171
IN VITRO STUDIES......Page 172
BRAIN......Page 173
AIRWAYS......Page 174
URINARY TRACT......Page 175
THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT......Page 176
MAST CELLS AND THE INTESTINAL EPITHELIUM......Page 177
MAST CELLS AND THE PATHOLOGY OF OESOPHAGITIS......Page 178
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS......Page 179
REFERENCES......Page 180
INTRODUCTION......Page 190
BIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE POLYPEPTIDES......Page 191
TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR-B......Page 192
EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR......Page 193
KALLIKREINS......Page 194
SMR1......Page 195
Processing of SMR1......Page 196
THE SMG AS A NEUROENDOCRINE ORGAN......Page 197
HORMONAL CONTROL OF THE SMG......Page 198
AUTONOMIC CONTROL OF THE SMG......Page 200
THE CERVICAL SYMPATHETIC TRUNK–SUBMANDIBULAR GLAND AXIS......Page 201
AN IMMUNOMODULATORY ROLE FOR THE CST–SMG AXIS......Page 202
NOVEL IMMUNOREGULATORY PEPTIDES......Page 203
NEUROIMMUNOLOGY AND STRESS......Page 205
STRESS AND THE SUBMANDIBULAR GLAND......Page 207
CONCLUSIONS......Page 208
REFERENCES......Page 209
10 Mechanisms by which Lipid Derivatives and Proteinases Signal to Primary Sensory Neurons: Implications for Inflammation and Pain......Page 217
INTRODUCTION......Page 218
DISCOVERY AND MOLECULAR CLONING OF VR1......Page 219
MECHANISMS OF VR1 ACTIVATION BY LIPID DERIVATIVES: ENDOGENOUS VR1 AGONISTS IN HEALTH AND DISEASE......Page 220
INTRACELLULAR MECHANISMS REGULATING VR1 ACTIVITY AND EXPRESSION: IMPLICATIONS FOR DISEASE......Page 221
PROTEINASES AS SIGNALLING MOLECULES......Page 222
PAR1 in the nervous system......Page 224
PAR2 in the nervous system......Page 226
CONCLUSIONS......Page 229
REFERENCES......Page 231
11 Functional Consequences of Neuroimmune Interactions in the Intestinal Mucosa......Page 236
Cell types in the intestinal epithelium......Page 237
Ion and fluid transport......Page 238
The intestinal barrier......Page 239
THE ENTERIC NERVOUS SYSTEM......Page 241
MUCOSAL MAST CELLS......Page 242
USSING CHAMBERS......Page 244
ION SECRETION......Page 246
MUCOSAL BARRIER FUNCTION......Page 249
MUCOSAL CHANGES IN THE LATE PHASE OF INTESTINAL ALLERGIC REACTIONS......Page 250
NERVE-MAST CELL INTERACTIONS IN PARASITE INFECTIONS......Page 251
NERVE-MAST CELL INTERACTIONS IN STRESS......Page 252
ION SECRETION......Page 253
MUCOSAL BARRIER FUNCTION......Page 254
IgA SECRETION......Page 258
NORMAL HUMAN INTESTINE......Page 259
INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE......Page 260
FOOD ALLERGY......Page 261
CONCLUSIONS AND PERSPECTIVES......Page 262
REFERENCES......Page 263
12 Infectious Pathogens and the Neuroenteric System......Page 273
SECRETORY DIARRHOEA DUE TO BACTERIAL ENTEROTOXINS CHOLERA TOXIN......Page 274
E. coli enterotoxins and sigma ligands......Page 279
ENTEROADHERENT BACTERIA......Page 280
ENTEROINVASIVE PATHOGENS: ROLE OF SP......Page 282
ROLE OF SENSORY NEUROPEPTIDES......Page 283
INVOLVEMENT OF MAST CELLS......Page 285
PARASITIC INFECTIONS......Page 286
NEURONAL INVOLVEMENT IN DIARRHOEA DUE TO CRYPTOSPORIDIUM......Page 290
REFERENCES......Page 291
INTRODUCTION......Page 301
DIRECT MECHANISMS......Page 302
INDIRECT MECHANISMS......Page 303
IMMUNE-MODULATION OF AIRWAY NERVE FUNCTION......Page 304
AFFERENT NERVES......Page 305
CNS INTEGRATION......Page 307
AUTONOMIC MODULATION......Page 308
CONSEQUENCES OF NERVE-IMMUNE INTERACTIONS IN THE AIRWAYS......Page 311
REFERENCES......Page 312
T CELLS AND AIRWAY INFLAMMATION IN ALLERGIC ASTHMA......Page 317
AIRWAY HYPER-REACTIVITY (AHR)......Page 318
NEURONAL CHANGES IN ALLERGIC ASTHMA......Page 319
EFFECTS OF INFLAMMATORY MEDIATORS ON NEURON FUNCTIONS......Page 321
THE PUTATIVE ROLE OF NEUROTROPHINS IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF BRONCHIAL ASTHMA......Page 322
SOURCES OF NEUROTROPHINS IN ALLERGIC DISEASE......Page 323
IMMUNOLOGICAL PLASTICITY IN RESPONSE TO NEUROTROPHINS......Page 324
NEURONAL EFFECTS OF EFFECTOR CELL DERIVED MEDIATORS......Page 326
EFFECT OF NEUROPEPTIDES ON IMMUNE CELLS......Page 328
CONCLUSIONS......Page 331
REFERENCES......Page 332
15 Regulatory Aspects of Neuroimmunology in the Skin......Page 340
AUTONOMIC NERVES......Page 341
ACETYLCHOLINE AND ACETYLCHOLINE RECEPTORS......Page 342
CATECHOLAMINES AND ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS......Page 343
FUNCTION AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF AUTONOMIC NERVES IN THE SKIN......Page 344
TACHYKININS......Page 346
VASOACTIVE INTESTINAL PEPTIDE (VIP)......Page 350
PITUITARY ADENYLATE CYCLASE ACTIVATING POLYPEPTIDE (PACAP)......Page 351
PROOPIOMELANOCORTIN (POMC) PEPTIDES......Page 352
REGULATORY ASPECTS OF CUTANEOUS NEUROGENIC INFLAMMATION......Page 353
ROLE OF AUTONOMIC AND SENSORY NERVES IN PRURITUS......Page 354
CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS......Page 355
REFERENCES......Page 356
16 Neuroimmune Connections and Regulation of Function in the Urinary Bladder......Page 366
NEUROPHYSIOLOGY OF BLADDER FUNCTION......Page 367
NEUROIMMUNE INTERACTIONS......Page 369
MODELS OF BLADDER NEUROIMMUNE INTERACTIONS......Page 371
INTERSTITIAL CYSTITIS, AN EXAMPLE OF NEUROIMMUNE PATHOLOGY......Page 375
IC AND IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME (IBS)......Page 380
CONCLUSIONS......Page 381
REFERENCES......Page 382
Index......Page 394