Automated Lighting: The Art and Science of Moving and Color-Changing Lights

Cover
Title
Copyright
Dedication
Contents
Preface
Acknowledgements
Section 1: Introduction
	Chapter 1 Stage Lighting in the Third Millennium
		Stage-Lighting Technology
		Wait, What Just Happened?
	Chapter 2 Foundations
		The Genesis of the Automated Lighting Industry
		Synchronicity
		“If We Can Make It Change Color . . . ”
		The Black Hole
		For Sale: Automated Lighting
		Sue Me, Sue You Blues
		The Future of Stage Lighting
	Chapter 3 Stage-Lighting Systems Overview
		Systems Overview
		Rigging Systems
			Aluminum Structures
			Theatrical Rigging
			Rigging Hardware
		Power Distribution Systems
			The Supply
			Disconnect Switch
			Feeder Cable
			Distribution Panels and Portable Power Distribution Units
			Overcurrent Protection
			Dimmers
			Branch Circuits or Final Circuits
			Connectors
			Worldwide Electrical Safety and Wiring Codes
			Compliance
			Wire Gauges
		Data Distribution Systems
			Data Cables
			Data Splitters
			Data Amplifiers
			Gateways
			Data Terminators
			Ring Protection
			DMX Connectors
		Control Systems
			Lighting Controllers
			PC-Based Controllers
			Dedicated Controllers
			Playback Units
			Remote Focus Units
			Preset Stations
			Media Servers
			Redundant Backup and Automatic Failover Systems
		Luminaires
			Electrical Systems
			Electronic Systems
			Electromechanical Systems
			Mechanical Systems
			Optical Systems
			Communications Systems
Section 2: Electricity and Electronics
	Chapter 4 Circuits
		Electrical Current, Voltage, Resistance, Power, and Energy
		Circuits
		Current Convention
		Water and Electricity—Bad Mix, Good Analogy
		Ohm’s Law
			Practice Problems
		Reactance
		Impedance
		DC Power
			Practice Problems
		Power Factor
		AC Power
		Apparent Power
			Practice Problems
		Answers to Practice Problems
	Chapter 5 Electrical Planning and Preparation
		Laying Out the Lighting System
		Circuiting
		Connectors
		Documentation
	Chapter 6 Power Supplies
		Arc Lamp Power Supplies
		Switch-Mode Power Supplies
			Rectification and Filtering
			Pulse-Width Modulation
			Voltage Transformation
			High-Frequency Filtering
			Feedback
			Power Factor
			Pros and Cons of SMPSs
		Magnetic Ballast Power Supplies
		LED Drivers
		LED Connections
		Lamp Control
		EMI Filtering
		Lamp Cutoff Switch
	Chapter 7 Overcurrent, Overvoltage, and Overtemperature Protection
		Electric Fuses
			Fuse Ratings
			Voltage Rating
			Speed of Operation
		Temperature Sensing and Thermal Protection
		Surge Suppression
		Voltage Clamping Devices
	Chapter 8 Digital Electronics
		Binary Numbering
			Practice Problems
		Offsets
		DIP-Switch Conventions
			Practice Problems
		Hexadecimal Numbers
			Practice Problems
		Digital Electronics
		Electronic Switching
		Data Transmission
		Answers to Practice Problems
	Chapter 9 Digital Hardware and Software
		The Central Processing Unit
		Memory
		Firmware
		Firmware Updates
Section 3:  Electromechanical and Mechanical Systems
	Chapter 10 Electromechanical Systems
		Stepper Motors
			Hybrid Stepper Motors
			Single-Phase Excitation Mode
			Dual-Phase Excitation Mode
			Half-Step Excitation
			Microstepping
			Resonance
		Stepper Motor Control Systems
			Position Sensing and Encoding
			Mechanical Stops
			Optical Sensing
			Hall Effect Sensors
			Position Encoding
			Quadrature Encoding
			Absolute Encoding
	Chapter 11 Mechanical Systems
		Materials
			Aluminum
			Stainless Steel
			Plastics
			Glass
			Fused Quartz
			Optical Glass
		Metal Finishes
		Fasteners
		Thread Standards
		Preventing Vibrational Loosening
		Gears
		Belts
Section 4: Optical Systems
	Chapter 12 Light Sources
		The Visible Spectrum
		Color Temperature
		Green/Magenta Balance
		Color Rendering
		Color Quality Scale
		TM-30
		Luminous Efficacy
		Lumen Depreciation
		Lamp Life Ratings
		LED Operation
			Color LEDs
			White-Light LEDs
			Multi-Color LEDs
		LED Light Engines
		LED Binning
		Gas Arc Lamps
			Arc Lamp Anatomy
			Starting an Arc Lamp
			Hot Restrike Lamps
			The Effects of Lamp Strikes
			Testing Arc Lamps
			Arc Lamp Spectral Distribution
			Arc Lamp Hazards
			Proper Disposal of Arc Lamps
			Mercury Spills
		Incandescent Lamps
			Incandescence
			Gas Fill
			Halogen Lamps
			Dimming Incandescent Lamps
		Lamp Handling Precautions
		Lamp Cooling
			Heat Sinks
			Fans
			Active Cooling
	Chapter 13 The Optical Path
		Specular Reflection
		LED Primary Optics
		Conventional Reflector Geometry
			Parabolic Reflectors
			Elliptical Reflectors
			Spherical Reflectors
		Reflector Materials
		Ultraviolet and Infrared Filters
		Optical Thin-Film Filters
			The Deposition Process
			Thin-Film Interference
			Filter Types
		Color Wheels
		Subtractive Color Mixing
		Additive Color Mixing
		Color Temperature Correction
		Gobos
			Metal Gobos
			Glass Gobos
		Diffusion
		Iris
		Animation Effects
		Beam Shapers
		Framing Shutters
		Effects
		Secondary Lenses
			Spherical Aberrations
			Chromatic Aberration
		Anti-Reflective Coatings
		First Surface Mirrors
Section 5: Communications
	Chapter 14 DMX
		The DMX Physical Layer
			The Transceiver
			Data Cable
			DMX Over CAT5
			DMX Connectors
		Building a DMX Data Network
		Data Termination
		Self-Terminating Fixtures
		Wireless DMX
		DMX512-A Data Protocol
		Bi-Directional Communication
	Chapter 15 Remote Device Management (RDM)
		RDM Overview
		The RDM Physical Layer
		RDM Discovery
		RDM Get and Set Commands
		Practical RDM
	Chapter 16 Ethernet-Based Lighting Control
		Ethernet
			Types of Ethernet
			Ethernet Cabling
			Transmission Distances
		Network Switches
		IP Addresses
			Routable Versus Non-Routable IP Addresses
		Subnet Masks
		DHCP
		Art-Net
		Streaming ACN (sACN)
		DMX Universe Capability
		Troubleshooting Ethernet-Based Protocols
Section 6:  Maintenance, Troubleshooting, and Repair
	Chapter 17 Maintenance, Troubleshooting, and Repair
		Precautions and Hazards
			Shock Protection
			Eye and Skin Protection
		Common Sources of Failure: Heat, Shock, Age
		Fixture Test
		Error Logs
		Lamp Replacement and Alignment
		Calibration
		Updating Software
		Preventive Maintenance
			Visual Inspection
			Internal Cleaning
			Cleaning Fans and Filters
			Cleaning the Optics
			Housekeeping
			Lubrication
		Spare Parts
		Troubleshooting
		Troubleshooting Procedures
		General Troubleshooting Procedures
		Common Failures
			Printed Circuit Boards
			Motor Drive Chips
			Power Supplies
			Power Factor Correction Capacitors
			Fasteners
			Sensors
Section 7: Lighting Console Programming
	Chapter 18 Lighting Console and FOH Setup
		Power Requirements
		Uninterruptable Power Supplies
		Physical Configuration
		Console Configuration Settings
		Setting Up a DMX System
		Setting Up the Network
		Configuring the Console
		Setting Up an Ethernet Network
		Testing the Network
		Setting Up a Console for Art-Net Output
			Port-Address
		Casting
		Setting Up a Console to Output sACN
		Port Monitoring
		Backup and Tracking
		MIDI and MSC
		Timecode
	Chapter 19 Lighting Console Programming
		Important Concepts
			DMX Universes
			Tracking Versus Preset
			Move Fade Versus State
			Precedence
			Priority and Assert
			User Input
			Syntax
			The Programmer
			Looks, Scenes, and Cues
		Basic Programming
			Patch the Fixtures
			Create Fixture Groups
			Create Presets and Palettes
			Record Cues
			Playback Cues
		Highlight
		Timing
		Fade Time or Crossfade Time
			Fade In Time
			Fade Out Time
			Wait Time
			Delay Time
			Follow-On Time
			Part Cues
		Point Cues
		Blocking Cues
		Mark Cues
		Storing Specific Parameters or Fixtures
		Backing Up
		Pre-Visualization and Off-Line Editing
		Program Blocking
		Pre-Show Preparation
		Rig Check
		Busking
		Perfecting the Craft
	Chapter 20 Lighting Design Software
		CAD
			CAD Workflow
			File Formats
			CAD Libraries
		Data and Attributes
			Instrument Type
			Power Consumption in Watts
			Purpose
			Position
			Unit Number
			Color
			Dimmer
			Channel
			DMX Universe
			DMX Address
			Circuit Number
			Circuit Name
			Number of Channels
			Frame Size
			Field Angles
			Beam Angles
			Luminous Flux
			Center Beam Luminous Intensity
			Weight
			Accessories
			Protocol
			DMX Mode or Personality
			IP Address
			Subnet Mask
			Art-Net Net
			Art-Net Subnet
		Lighting Paperwork
			Fixture or Instrument Schedules
			Panel Schedules
			Power Distribution Load Schedules
			Shop Order
		Software Applications
		Rendering
		Off-Line Editors
		Visualization
		Fly-Throughs
		Workflow
Section 8: Convergence of Lighting and Video
	Chapter 21 Media Servers and Pixel Mapping
		Media Server Hardware
		Layers
		Content Library
		Resolution of Media
		File Formats and Codecs
			Codecs
			Scaling
			Frame Rate
			Interlacing
			Aspect Ratio
			Bitrate
		Parameters
			File Folder
			File Selection
			Play
			In Point, Out Point
			Playback Speed
			Rotate (X, Y, Z)
			Position (X, Y, Z)
			Intensity
			Opacity
			Crossfade
			Blend
			Color (Hue, Saturation, Contrast)
			Crop
			Mask
			Tiling
			Audio
			Strobe
			Edge Blending
			Keystone
		Pixel Mapping
		CITP
		Off-Line Editors and Visualizers
Index