Autoimmune Disorders: Adjuvants and Other Risk Factors in Pathogenesis

Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
List of Contributors
Introduction
	References
1 Hyperstimulation of the Immune System
	Background
	Biomaterials that are lined to hyperstimulation of the immune system (silicone, mesh and heavy metals)
	Hyperstimulation syndrome induced by silicone breast implants
	Hyperstimulation syndrome induced by mesh
	Hyperstimulation syndrome induced by metals
	Link among foreign bodies, chronic stimulation, and lymphoproliferative disorders
	Studies on silicone, metals, and the risk of lymphoma
	References
2 Autoimmune/Inflammatory Syndrome Induced by Adjuvants (ASIA): Genetics, Immunization, and Autoimmunity
	Introduction
	Genetic background
	Immunity
	Autoimmunity
	Conclusion
	References
3 Vaccine Adjuvants: History, Role, Mechanisms of Action, and Side Effects
	Introduction
	Materials and methods
	Etymology of adjuvants
	Classification of adjuvants
		Mineral salts
		Emulsions
		Bacterial- or microbial-derived adjuvants
		TLR agonists
		Lipid particles/liposomes
		Microparticles/nanoparticles
		Cytokine- and interleukin-based adjuvants
		Adjuvant delivery systems
	History of adjuvants
	Role and mechanisms of actions of adjuvants
	Safety and side effects
	Safety and side effects of aluminum-adjuvanted vaccines
	Safety and side effects of emulsion-adjuvanted vaccines
	Safety and side effects of novel adjuvants
	Overall synthesis of safety and side effects of adjuvanted vaccines
	Conclusions and future directions
	References
4 Commonly Used Food Additives Are Nutritional Adjuvants in ASIA Syndrome
	Introduction
		ASIA syndrome
		Increased usage of food additives in the processed food industries
	Gluten is a nutritional adjuvant
		Gluten side effects
		Gluten-depended autoimmunity
		Gluten fulfills the diagnostic criteria of ASIA syndrome
	Microbial transglutaminase is a potential new adjuvant
		Microbial transglutaminase is a potential inducer of autoimmune disease
		Microbial transglutaminase fulfills the diagnostic criteria of ASIA syndrome
	Nanoparticle complexes are potential new adjuvants
		Nanoparticles fulfill the criteria of ASIA syndrome
	Food colorants are potential new adjuvants
		Food colorants fulfill the criteria of ASIA syndrome
	Emulsifiers are potential new adjuvants
		Emulsifiers fulfill the criteria of ASIA syndrome
	Conclusions
	Abbreviations
	Author contributions
	References
5 Silicone Implant Incompatibility Syndrome
	Highlights
	Introduction
	Silicone as an immunologic adjuvant
	Pathophysiological mechanisms of inflammatory/immunological disturbances related to SBI
	Silicone implant incompatibility syndrome
	Autoimmune diseases in patients with SIIS
	Effectivity of SBI explantation in improving symptoms and laboratory findings
	SIIS, who might be at risk?
	Conclusion
	Abbreviations
	References
6 Silicone Breast Implants (SBIs) and Autoimmune Dysautonomya
	References
7 Autoimmune/Inflammatory Syndrome Induced by Adjuvants (ASIA or Shoenfeld’s Syndrome) Due to Polypropylene Mesh Implants
	Introduction
	Adverse events associated with mesh implants
		Systemic symptoms and signs of mesh-mediated systemic disease
		Laboratory and radiological findings and other diagnostic procedures in mesh-induced disease
		ASIA, autoimmune diseases, and lymphoma development
	ASIA: autoimmune/inflammatory syndrome induced by adjuvants (Shoenfeld’s syndrome)
	Pathophysiology of ASIA after foreign body implantation
	Evidence that mesh can cause ASIA
		Exposure to mesh implants precedes the onset or worsening of symptoms
		The appearance of “typical” clinical manifestations
		Removal of inciting agent induces improvement
	Biological plausibility of mesh implants as a cause of ASIA
	Approaches to causation
		Koch’s postulates
		Bradford–Hill criteria
	Conclusion
	References
8 Vaccines, Vaccinosis, and Autoimmunity
	Vaccines and their epidemiological, clinical, societal, and economic impact
		Vaccines, vaccinosis, and autoimmunity
		Vaccines and immune system activation
		Autoimmune diseases: background and mechanisms
		Vaccine adjuvants: purpose and impact
		Adjuvants and autoimmunity: the body of currently available evidence
		Regulatory measures and ongoing research
	Conclusion
	References
9 Sustained Immune Activation in ASIA Syndrome – A Bridge to Lymphomagenesis
	Background
	Introduction
	Animal model as a proof of concept
		Autoimmunity and lymphoma: role of immune chronic stimulation in lymphoma development
		Vaccination and acute lymphoma development
		Foreign body reaction (FBR) and lymphoma
		Silicone versus aluminum compounds and lymphomagenesis association
		Lymphomagenesis in inflammatory diseases from a different perspective
	Conclusions and future goals
	References
10 Chronic Fatigue Syndrome
	Introduction
	The evolutionary history of “chronic fatigue syndrome”
		1750, Febricula
		1879, Neurocirculatory asthenia
		1934, Atypical poliomyelitis
		1948, Akureyri disease (Iceland disease)
		1955, Royal Free disease
		1955–1986, Myalgic encephalomyelitis
		1984, Tapanui outbreak
		1984, Chronic Epstein–Barr virus syndrome
		1987, Chronic fatigue syndrome
		CFS syndrome through modern concepts
	Conclusion
	References
11 Autoantibodies and Autonomic Nervous System
	G-protein-coupled receptor antibodies: basic facts and historical perspective
	Associations between anti-GPCR antibodies and clinical manifestations of dysautonomia
	The autoimmune concept for dysautonomia
	Potential treatment strategy of dysautonomia
	References
12 Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome (POTS) as a Part of ASIA Syndrome
	Introduction
	POTS and autoantibodies
	POTS and chronic inflammation
	POTS and other autoimmune diseases
	POTS and small-fiber neuropathy (SFN)
		Targeting autoimmunity for POTS treatment
		POTS being one of the many arms of ASIA syndrome
	References
13 Role of the Small-fiber Neuropathy in the Pathogenesis of ASIA Syndrome
	Small-fiber neuropathy: definition and principles of diagnostics
		Etiology and pathogenesis
		Clinical manifestations
		Diagnostic methods
		Small-fiber neuropathy treatment
		SFN as part of ASIA syndrome
		Sarcoidosis
		Sjögren’s syndrome
		Silicone implant incompatibility syndrome
	Conclusion
	References
14 Tattoo as a Possible Trigger for Autoimmune Syndrome Induced by Adjuvants
	Introduction
	Tattoo and its components
	Sjögren’s syndrome and tattoo
	Sarcoidosis and tattoo
	Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome, ASIA syndrome, and tattoo
	Similarities between silicone incompatibility syndrome (SIS) and ASIA syndrome following tattoo
	Potential therapies for ASIA syndrome following tattoo
	Conclusion
	References
15 The Sick Building Syndrome as a Part of the Autoimmune (Autoinflammatory) Syndrome Induced by Adjuvant
	Introduction
	Manifestations of SBS
	Development of SBS: potential hazards and sources
	Conventional and green buildings
	Legal requirements and regulations
	SBS and Autoimmune (Autoinflammatory) Syndrome Induced by Adjuvants (ASIA)
	Conclusion
	References
16 Gulf War Syndrome (GWS) and ASIA Syndrome
	Introduction
		Prevalence of GWS
		Heterogeneity of Clinical Manifestations
	Etiology and pathogenesis of GWS
		Environmental triggers associated with GWS
		The link between GWS and pesticides
		The link between GWS and nerve agents
		The link between GWS and pyridostigmine bromide (PB)
		The link between GWS and multiple vaccinations
		Genetic basis of individual variation in susceptibility to GWS
		Brain defects and central nervous system alterations in veterans with GWS
		Peripheral immune abnormalities associated with GWS
		Gut microbiome alterations in GWS
	GWS in relation to other multisymptom conditions
		GWS in relation to chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS)
		GWS in relation to fibromyalgia (FM)
		GWS in relation to multiple chemical sensitivity (MCS)
		Classification of GWS as part of the autoimmune/inflammatory syndrome induced by adjuvants (ASIA)
	Conclusion
	References
17 Vaccinations in Patients with Autoimmune Diseases
	Risk of infection in patients with AIRD
	Safety and efficacy of vaccinations in patients with AIRD
		Influenza vaccines
		Pneumococcal vaccine in AIRD patients
		Hepatitis B vaccine
		Quadrivalent HPV vaccine
		Tetanus and diphtheria vaccines
	References
18 Autoimmune Phenomena in Cancer Patients Treated with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors
	Introduction
	Incidence and autoimmune irAEs
		Inflammatory arthritis
		Sicca syndrome/Sjögren’s syndrome
		Myositis and neurological diseases
	Autoimmune diseases
		Vasculitis
		Systemic lupus erythematosus
		Sarcoidosis
		Organ-specific irAEs determined by specific ICI
	Management and treatment of autoimmune irAEs
	Summary
	References
19 Heavy Metals in Autoimmune Diseases: Too Much Noise in Autoimmunity
	Chapter highlights
	Introduction
	How metals affect the immune system
	Metals and systemic lupus erythematosus
		Nickel and SLE
		Aluminum and SLE
		Cadmium and SLE
		Copper and SLE
		Silver and SLE
	Metals and type 1 diabetes mellitus
		Nickel and T1DM
		Aluminum and T1DM
		Cadmium and T1DM
		Copper and T1DM
	Metals and rheumatoid arthritis
		Cadmium and RA
		Nickel and copper in RA
		Aluminum and RA
	Metals and multiple sclerosis
		Aluminum and MS
		Cadmium and MS
		Copper and MS
	Metals and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)
		Aluminum and IBD
		Cadmium, other heavy metals, and IBD
	Metals and systemic sclerosis
	Metals and thyroid disease
	Metals and Sjögren disease
	Metals and autoimmune/inflammatory syndrome induced by adjuvants
	Conclusion
	References
20 The Role of Bisphenol A in ASIA Syndrome
	Introduction
	Bisphenol A
	Exposure to BPA in health care
		BPA as an adjuvant
	Pathophysiological mechanisms of BPA-induced autoimmunity
	Direct mechanisms of BPA action on autoimmunity
		Cellular immunity
		Indirect mechanisms of BPA action on autoimmunity
	The role of BPA in autoimmune diseases
		BPA and systemic (non-organ-specific) autoimmune diseases
		BPA and organ-specific autoimmune diseases
	Conclusion
	References
21 Sarcoidosis and Autoimmune Inflammatory Syndrome Induced by Adjuvants: Is There a Connection?
	Introduction
	ASIA signs in sarcoidosis
	Major criteria
		Exposure to external factors (infections, vaccines, silicone, adjuvant) before the development of clinical manifestations (prescription from months to several years); removal of the provoking factor causes improvement
		Appearance of at least one of the following “typical” clinical manifestations
		Typical biopsy
	Minor criteria
		Appearance of autoantibodies or detection of antibodies against the suspected adjuvant
		Specific HLA (i.e. HLA DRB1, HLA DQB1)
		Immunosuppressive therapy
	Sarcoidosis models
	Discussion
	References
22 Sjögren’s Syndrome as a Proof of Concept of the Hyperstimulation Syndrome
	Highlights
	Introduction
	SjS as a classic example of ASIA syndrome
	Hyperstimulation of the immune system in SjS
		The role of infections
		Vaccines
		Silicone and silica
		Immune checkpoint inhibitors
		Hormonal imbalance
	The crossroad between immune hyperstimulation, SjS, and neoplasms
	Conclusions
	References
23 Gluteal Biopolymer Injections as a Case of ASIA Syndrome
	Introduction and overview
	In vitro cell effects of biopolymers
	Clinical consequences of the cosmetic application of biopolymers
	ASIA syndrome and gluteal biopolymers
	Authors’ experience with patients with biopolymers in the gluteal area and ASIA syndrome
	Therapeutic approach
	Conclusions
	References
24 The Chemical and Social Landscape of the Modern World and Increased Risk of ASIA
	Introduction
	Diseases related to increased intestinal permeability
	Environmental toxicants and loss of epithelial tight junction fidelity
	Early-life stress, vulnerability to psychosocial stress, and role of the HPA axis
	Role of the gut-brain axis and intestinal microbiome
	Animal models of chronic inflammation
	Conclusions
	References
25 Oil Injections and ASIA Syndrome
	Introduction
	Epidemiology
	Etiology
	Pathogenesis
	Clinical manifestation
	Diagnostic approach
		Laboratory studies
		Imaging studies
		Histopathological studies
	Treatment
		Medical treatment
		Surgical treatment
	Conclusions
	References
26 Metals in Dental Implants as a Trigger of Autoimmunity
	References
27 Conclusions: State of the Art and Prospects
Index
EULA