Augmented Reality and Artificial Intelligence: The Fusion of Advanced Technologies

Preface
Contents
Contributors
Part I Practical, Theoretical, and Cultural Aspects of Integrating Augmented Reality and Artificial Intelligence
1 Mixed Reality and Deep Learning: Augmenting Visual Information Using Generative Adversarial Networks
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 How Do GANs Work?
	1.3 Evolution of GANs for Image and Video Manipulation
		1.3.1 The Foundations
		1.3.2 Controlling the Process of Image Generation
		1.3.3 Translating Images to Images
		1.3.4 From Classification to Regression
		1.3.5 Higher Resolutions
		1.3.6 Video Synthesis
	1.4 Image Composition in AR Applications Using GAN
		1.4.1 Object Placement
		1.4.2 Harmonization and Shadow Generation
	1.5 AR Face Filters
		1.5.1 Manipulating Facial Features
		1.5.2 Face Aging
		1.5.3 Makeup Filters
	1.6 Generating 3D Models
	1.7 Other GAN Use Cases in AR
	1.8 Conclusion
	References
2 Augmented Reality User’s Experience: AI-Based Data Collection, Processing and Analysis
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Related Work
	2.3 Use Cases for Educational AR Games
	2.4 Systemic Data Collection
	2.5 Monitoring Parameters Capturing Hardware and Tools
	2.6 AI-Enhanced Data Processing Methods
	2.7 AR-Game User’s Digital Twin
	2.8 Conclusion
	References
3 Digital Dreams: Speculative Futures for Artificial Intelligence, Augmented Reality, and the Human Brain
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 What Is Dreaming? Human and Machine Processes
	3.3 Dynamic Immersion in AI and AR Dreamscapes
	3.4 Digital Dreams Unveiling the Unseen
	3.5 From Digital Dreams to Nightmares
	3.6 Conclusion
	References
4 Augmented Galatea for Physical Pygmalion: A Phenomenological Approach to Intimacy in VTubers in the East Asia Region
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Cases of AR Characters Animated by AI in Asia
	4.3 A Phenomenological Perspective on Intimacy and Digital Technologies
	4.4 Phenomenology and Postphenomenology Applicatied to Digital Characters
	4.5 Conclusions
	References
5 Augmenting Artificial Intelligences in Fiction: Evolving from Primordial Internet Memes to Cybergods of Disruption
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 The Meme-Rider Media Team
	5.3 AI/NI in Wintermoot, Material Negentropy
	5.4 The Book of Machines
	5.5 Mirror World, AI Winter
	5.6 Kauwarek, Cyberingia, Cybergod of Disruption
	5.7 Conclusion
	References
Part II The Educational Use of Intelligent Augmented Environments
6 Artificial Intelligence, Augmented Reality and Education
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Artificial Intelligence
		6.2.1 Educational Applications, Advantages and Limitations of Artificial Intelligence
		6.2.2 Technological Tools for the Use of AI in the Educational Context
	6.3 Augmented Reality
		6.3.1 Educational Applications, Benefits and Limitations of Augmented Reality
		6.3.2 Technological Tools for the Use of AR in the Context of Education
	6.4 Conclusion
	References
7 Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and Extended Reality: Potential Problem Solvers for Higher Education Issues
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Methodology
		7.2.1 Research Aims and Survey
		7.2.2 Variables and Hypothesis
	7.3 Research Results
		7.3.1 Construct Reliability and Validity
		7.3.2 Discriminant Validity
		7.3.3 Collinearity Statistics VIF
	7.4 Discussion
	7.5 Conclusion
	References
8 Augmented Reality and Artificial Intelligence in Education: Toward Immersive Intelligent Tutoring Systems
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Augmented Reality
	8.3 Artificial Intelligence
	8.4 Intelligent Tutoring Systems
	8.5 Discussion
	8.6 Conclusion
	References
9 Augmented/Virtual Reality and Artificial Intelligence in Dental Education and Research
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Application of VR and AR in Dental Education and Research
		9.2.1 Operative and Endodontics
		9.2.2 Basic Sciences Teaching in a Dental School Setting
		9.2.3 Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery (OMFS)
		9.2.4 Orthodontics
		9.2.5 Prosthodontics
		9.2.6 Paediatrics
		9.2.7 Implementation of AR in Dental Education
	9.3 Conclusion and Future Forecast
	References
10 The History of Furniture Objects: An Intelligent Augmented Reality Application
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 An Application for the Design History of Furniture
	10.3 Fusion of Technologies
		10.3.1 Fusion of Technologies in Augmented Reality
		10.3.2 Fusion of AI and AR Technologies
	10.4 Mobile AR Technology: Current State
	10.5 Intelligent Applications with Machine Learning
	10.6 The “FURNITURE” AR-AI Application
		10.6.1 The Concept of the Application
		10.6.2 A Furniture Object and Its Augmentations
		10.6.3 3D Models and Images
		10.6.4 The Design of the Application
		10.6.5 Implementation of the “FURNITURE” Application
	10.7 Conclusions
	References
Part III Augmented Reality and Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, Healthcare, and Physical Activity
11 Meta-patients: Using Mixed Reality Patients and an AI Framework for Simulating Life-Like Clinical Examinations
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 Augmenting the Design Process
	11.3 The Problem of the Simulated Patient
	11.4 Interacting with Virtual Patients
	11.5 Conclusions and Future Plans
	References
12 AI-Powered and “Augmented” Dentistry: Applications, Implications and Limitations
	12.1 Key Concepts of Artificial Intelligence
	12.2 Basic Concepts of Medical Informatics
	12.3 AI-Powered and “Augmented” Dentistry
		12.3.1 Artificial Intelligence in Dental Radiography
		12.3.2 Artificial Intelligence in VR Systems
		12.3.3 Towards Implementing AI in AR
		12.3.4 AR in Dental Education
		12.3.5 AR in Dental Practice
		12.3.6 AR Application for Dental Patients
		12.3.7 Serious Games
	12.4 Conclusion and Future Development
	References
13 Augmented Reality and Artificial Intelligence: Applications in Pharmacy
	13.1 AI and AR Application in Pharmacy Education
		13.1.1 Medication Counselling
		13.1.2 Medicinal Pharmacy Chemistry
		13.1.3 Anatomy
		13.1.4 Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Training
		13.1.5 Sterile Compounding Techniques Training
	13.2 Mobile App Development for Pharmacy
	13.3 Drug Development
	13.4 Pharmacogenomics Education
	13.5 Improve Clinical Care
	References
14 Artificial Intelligence and Augmented Reality in Physical Activity: A Review of Systems and Devices
	14.1 Introduction
	14.2 Artificial Intelligence Devices for Physical Activity Monitoring
		14.2.1 Wearables
		14.2.2 Artificial Intelligence Camera Systems
	14.3 Augmented Reality Software for Movement and Motor Development
		14.3.1 Psychomotor Processes in Children
		14.3.2 Educational/Sports Physical Activity
		14.3.3 Physical Activity and Health
		14.3.4 High-Performance Sports
		14.3.5 Promotion of PA in the Elderly
	14.4 Conclusions
	References
15 Exergames, Artificial Intelligence and Augmented Reality: Connections to Body and Sensorial Experiences
	15.1 Introduction
	15.2 Technologies and Learning
	15.3 Artificial Intelligence and Augmented Reality
	15.4 Exergames and Augmented Reality
	15.5 Reinforcement Learning
	15.6 Sensorial Experience and Artificial Intelligence
	15.7 Conclusion
	References
Part IV Combining Augmented Reality and Artificial Intelligence to Enhance Services, Retail, and Recommendations
16 FUSE: Towards AI-Based Future Services for Generating Augmented Reality Experiences
	16.1 Introduction
	16.2 Understanding the Environment
		16.2.1 Object Detection, Recognition and Segmentation
		16.2.2 3D Scene Reconstruction
		16.2.3 Detailed Semantic Understanding of the Environment
	16.3 Generating Augmentations for AR Applications
		16.3.1 3D Modelling
		16.3.2 Context Aware Text and Image Augmentations
		16.3.3 Text to Image Generation
		16.3.4 Neural Rendering
	16.4 Discussion and Conclusion
	References
17 Smart Extended Reality in the Metaverse-Tailing: The Rise of New Retail Landscape
	17.1 Introduction
	17.2 Theoretical Background
		17.2.1 Smart Extended Reality in the Metaverse-Tailing
	17.3 Affordance Theory of Technology
	17.4 Regulatory Engagement Theory
	17.5 Self-Determination Theory
	17.6 Discussion and Conclusion
	References
18 Artificial Intelligence and Extended Reality in Luxury Fashion Retail: Analysis and Reflection
	18.1 Introduction
	18.2 Retail Customer Experience
	18.3 Luxury Fashion Consumption Cycle
		18.3.1 Before Purchase
		18.3.2 Effective Purchase
		18.3.3 After Purchase
	18.4 Human and Non-human Rights, Privacy and Ethics
		18.4.1 Mega Level
		18.4.2 Micro Level
		18.4.3 Nano Level
	18.5 Conclusion
	References
19 The Use of Artificial Intelligence and Mixed Reality in Preventing Natural Disasters: Practical and Legal Issues
	19.1 The Applications of AI: AI in Emergency Management
	19.2 The Applications of AR: AR and Its Role in Natural Disasters
	19.3 AI and the Possible Dehumanization of Rights
	19.4 Analysis of AI-Related Risks
	19.5 The EU Risk-Based Approach
	19.6 EU Strategy for the “Digital Decade”
	19.7 The European Union’s Disaster Risk Management and Disaster Risk Reduction Legal Framework
	19.8 Preventing Disasters Within the EU
	19.9 The European Roadmap for Disaster Risk Reduction
	19.10 Conclusions
	References
Concluding Remarks