Audio Effects: Theory, Implementation and Application

Content: Preface    About the Authors    Aim and Scope of Book    Introduction and Fundamentals    Understanding Sound and Digital Audio    Working with Decibels    Level Measurements    Representing and Understanding Digital Signals    Representing Complex Numbers    Frequency and Time-Frequency Representations    Aliasing    Modifying and Processing Digital Signals    The Z Transform and Filter Representation    Digital Filter Example    Nonlinear and Time-Varying Effects    Delay Line Effects    Delay    Theory    Basic Delay    Delay with Feedback    Other Delay Types    Slapback Delay    Multitap Delay    Ping-Pong Delay    Implementation    Basic Delay    Variations    Delay Line Interpolation    Code Example    Applications    Vibrato Simulation    Theory    Interpolation    Implementation    Low-Frequency Oscillator    Parameters    Code Example    Applications    Flanging    Theory    Principle of Operation    Basic Flanger    Low-Frequency Oscillator    Flanger with Feedback    Stereo Flanging    Properties    Common Parameters    Depth (or Mix)    Delay and Sweep Width    Speed and Waveform    Feedback (or Regeneration)    Inverted Mode (or Phase)    Implementation    Buffer Allocation    Interpolation    Code Example    Applications    Resonant Pitches    Avoiding Disappearing Instruments    Flanging versus Chorus    Chorus    Theory    Basic Chorus    Low-Frequency Oscillator    Pitch-Shifting in the Chorus    Multivoice Chorus    Stereo Chorus    Properties    Common Parameters    Depth (or Mix)    Delay and Sweep Width    Speed and Waveform    Number of Voices    Other Variations    Summary: Flanger and Chorus Compared    Filter Design    Filter Construction and Transformation    Simple, Prototype Low-Pass Filter    High-Order Prototype Low-Pass Filter    Changing the Gain at the Cutoff Frequency    Shifting the Cutoff Frequency    Creating a Shelving Filter    Inverting the Magnitude Response    Simple Low-Pass to Band Pass Transformation    Popular IIR Filter Design    Low Pass    High Pass    Low Shelf    High Shelf    Gain at Bandwidth    Band Pass Filters    Band Stop Filters    Peaking and Notch Filters    The Allpass Filter    Applications of Filter Fundamentals    Exponential Moving Average Filter    Loudspeaker Crossovers    Filter Effects    Equalization    Theory    Two-Knob Tone Controls    Three-Knob Tone Controls    Presence Control    Loudness Control    Graphic Equalizers    Bands in a Graphic Equalizer    Parametric Equalizers    Summary    Implementation    General Notes    Tone Control Architecture    Calculating Filter Coefficients    Presence and Loudness Architecture    Graphic Equalizer Architecture    Parametric Equalizer Architecture    Code Example    Applications    Graphic Equalizer Application    Parametric Equalizer Application    Wah-Wah    Theory    Basis in Speech    Basic Wah-Wah    Auto-Wah    Tremolo-Wah    Other Variations    Implementation    Filter Design    Low-Frequency Oscillator    Envelope Follower    Analog Emulation    Phaser    Theory    Basic Phaser    Low-Frequency Oscillator    Phaser with Feedback    Stereo Phaser    Implementation    Allpass Filter Calculation    Alternate Implementation    LFO Waveform    Analog and Digital Implementations    Common Parameters    Code Example    Amplitude Modulation    Tremolo    Theory    Low-Frequency    Oscillator    Properties    Implementation    Audio Rate and Control Rate    Code Example    Ring Modulation    Theory    Modulation in the Frequency Domain    Perception    w-Frequency Oscillator    Variations    Implementation    Code Example    Applications    Dynamics Processing    Dynamic Range Compression    Theory    Compressor Controls    Signal Paths    The Gain Stage    The Gain Computer    Level Detection    RMS Detector    Peak Detector    Level-Corrected Peak Detectors    Implementation    Feedback and Feedforward Design    An Alternate Digital Feedback Compressor    Detector Placement    Code Example    Application    Artifacts    Summary    Noise Gates and Expanders    Theory and Implementation    Applications    Overdrive, Distortion, and Fuzz    Theory    Characteristic Curve    Hard and Soft Clipping    Input Gain    Symmetry and Rectification    Harmonic Distortion    Intermodulation Distortion    Analog Emulation    Implementation    Basic Implementation    Aliasing and Oversampling    Filtering    Common Parameters    Tube Sound Distortion    Code Example    Applications    Expressivity and Spectral Content    Sustain    Comparison with Compression    The Phase Vocoder    Phase Vocoder Theory    Overview    Windowing    Analysis: Fast Fourier Transform    Interpreting Frequency Domain Data    Target Phase, Phase Deviation, and Instantaneous Frequency    Synthesis: Inverse Fast Fourier Transform    Overlap-Add    Filterbank Analysis Variant    Oscillator Bank Reconstruction Variant    Phase Vocoder Effects    Robotization    Robotization Code Example    Whisperization    Whisperization Code Example    Time Scaling    Time-Scaling Resynthesis    Pitch Shifting    Code Example    Phase Vocoder Artifacts    Spatial Audio    Theory    Panorama    Precedence    Vector Base Amplitude Panning    Ambisonics    Wave Field Synthesis    The Head-Related Transfer Function    ITD Model    ILD Model    Implementation    Joint Panorama and Precedence    Ambisonics and Its Relationship to VBAP    Implementation of WFS    HRTF Calculation    Applications    Transparent Amplification    Surround Sound    Sound Reproduction Using HRTFs    The Doppler Effect    A Familiar Example    Derivation of the Doppler Effect    Simple Derivation of the Basic Doppler Effect    General Derivation of the Doppler Effect    Simplifications and Approximations    Implementation    Time-Varying Delay Line Reads    Multiple Write Pointers    Code Example    Applications    Reverberation    Theory    Sabine and Norris-Eyring Equations    Direct and Reverberant Sound Fields    Implementation    Algorithmic Reverb    Schroeder's Reverberator    Moorer's Reverberator    Generating Reverberation with the Image Source Method    Background    The Image Source Model    Modeling Reflections as Virtual Sources    Locating the Virtual Sources    The Impulse Response for a Virtual Source    Convolutional Reverb    Convolution and Fast Convolution    Block-Based Convolution    Physical Meaning    Other Approaches    Applications    Why Use Reverb?    Stereo Reverb    Gated Reverb    Reverse Reverb    Common Parameters    Audio Production    The Mixing Console    The Channel Section    The Master Section    Metering and Monitoring    Basic Mixing Console    Signal Flow and Routing    Inserts for Processors, Auxiliary Sends for Effects    Subgroup and Grouping    Digital versus Analog    Latency    Digital User Interface Design    Sound Quality    Do You Need to Decide?    Software Mixers    Digital Audio Workstations    Common Functionality of Computer-Based DAWs    MIDI and Sequencers    Audio Effect Ordering    Noise Gates    Compressors and Noise Gates    Compression and EQ    Reverb and Flanger    Reverb and Vibrato    Delay Line Effects    Distortion    Order Summary    Combinations of Audio Effects    Parallel Effects and Parallel Compression    Sidechaining    Ducking    De-Esser Sidechain Compression for Mastering    Multiband Compression    Dynamic Equalization    Combining LFOs with Other Effects    Discussion    Building Audio Effect Plug-Ins    Plug-In Basics    Programming Language    Plug-In Properties    The JUCE Framework    Theory of Operation    Callback Function    Managing Parameters    Initialization and Cleanup    Preserving State    Example: Building a Delay Effect in JUCE    Required Software    Creating a New Plug-In in JUCE    Opening Example Plug-Ins    File Overview    PluginProcessor.h    Declaration and Methods    Variables    PluginProcessor.cpp    Audio Callback    Initialization    Managing Parameters    Cleanup    PluginEditor.h    PluginEditor.cpp    Initialization    Managing Parameters    Resizing    Cleanup    Summary    Advanced Topics    Efficiency Considerations    Thread Safety    Conclusion    References    Index