Audio and Video Systems: Principles, Maintenance and Troubleshooting

Cover
Contents
Chapter 1. Characteristics of Sound
	1.1 Nature of Sound
	1.2 Pressure and Intensity of Sound Waves
	1.3 Sensitivity of Human Ear for Sound
	1.4 Frequency of Sound Waves
	1.5 Overtones and Timbre
	1.6 Intervals, Octaves and Harmonics
	1.7 Pitch
	1.8 Resonance Effect in Sound Systems
	1.9 Helmholtz Resonator
	1.10 Refl ection and Diffraction of Sound Waves
		Summary
		Review Questions
		Short-Answer Questions
		Multiple-Choice Questions
		Numerical Problems
		Answers
Chapter 2. Microphones
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Characteristics of a Microphone
	2.3 Requisites of a Good Microphone
	2.4 Moving-Coil Microphone
	2.5 Ribbon Microphone
	2.6 Crystal Microphone
	2.7 Capacitor (or Condenser) Microphone
	2.8 Electret Microphone
	2.9 Carbon Microphone
	2.10 Comparison of Various Types of Microphones
	2.11 Special Microphones
		Summary
		Review Questions
		Short-Answer Questions
		Multiple-Choice Questions
		Numerical Problems
		Answers
Chapter 3. Loudspeakers
	3.1 Characteristics of Loudspeakers
	3.2 Moving-Coil Cone-Type Loudspeaker
	3.3 Electrodynamic Loudspeaker
	3.4 Horn-type or Indirect Radiating Type Loudspeaker
	3.5 Comparison between Cone-type and Horn-type Speakers
	3.6 Loudspeaker column or line source speakers
	3.7 Baffl es and Enclosures
	3.8 Multi-way Speaker System (Woofers and Tweeters)
	3.9 Crossover Networks
	3.10 Consequence of Mismatch between Amplifi er Output and Loudspeaker Impedance
		Summary
		Review Questions
		Short-Answer Questions
		Multiple-Choice Questions
		Numerical Problems
		Answers
Chapter 4. Gramophone Disc Recording
	4.1 Principle of Disc Recording
	4.2 Principle of Disc Reproduction
	4.3 Block Diagram of a Disc-Recording System
	4.4 Block Diagram of Disc-Reproduction System
	4.5 Production of Disc Records on Mass Scale
	4.6 Types of Grooves
	4.7 Construction of Cutter Stylus
	4.8 Playback Needles
	4.9 Cartridges or Pick-Up Units
	4.10 Equalisation in Disc Recording/Playback Systems
		Summary
		Review Questions
		Short-Answer Questions
		Multiple-Choice Questions
		Numerical Problems
		Answers
Chapter 5. Magnetic Recording
	5.1 Principle of Magnetic Recording and Reproduction
	5.2 Recorded Wavelength, Gap-Width and Tape Speed
	5.3 Need for Biasing
	5.4 DC Biasing
	5.5 AC Biasing
	5.6 Parts of a Tape Recorder
	5.7 Tape Transport Mechanism
	5.8 Advantages and Disadvantages of Tape Recording
	5.9 Block Diagram of Tape Recorder
	5.10 Circuit Diagram
	5.11 ‘Wow’ and ‘Flutter’ Distortions
	5.12 Rumble
	5.13 Hissing Noise
	5.14 Noise-Reduction Techniques
	5.15 Quality of Sound on Tape
		Summary
		Review Questions
		Short-Answer Questions
		Multiple-Choice Questions
		Numerical Problems
		Answers
Chapter 6. Optical Recording
	6.1 Types of Optical Recording of Sound
	6.2 Methods of Optical Recording of Sound on Film
	6.3 Reproduction of Sound from Films
	6.4 Modern Method of Recording of Sound for Movie Films
	6.5 Compact Disc
	6.6 Optical Recording on Disc
	6.7 Playback Process
	6.8 Comparison of Compact Discs and Conventional (Gramophone) Discs
		Summary
		Review Questions
		Short-Answer Questions
		Multiple-Choice Questions
		Answers
Chapter 7. Audio Amplifi ers
	7.1 Types of Audio Amplifi ers
	7.2 Characteristics of Audio Amplifi ers
	7.3 Amplifi er Circuits
	7.4 Negative Feedback in Amplifi ers
	7.5 Peak Music Power Output (PMPO)
	7.6 Controls in Audio Amplifi ers
	7.7 Special Types of Tone Controls
		Summary
		Review Questions
		Short-Answer Questions
		Multiple-Choice Questions
		Numerical Problems
		Answers
Chapter 8. Noise and Distortion
	8.1 Noise
	8.2 Methods of Reducing Noise
	8.3 Distortion
	8.4 Methods of Reducing Distortion
		Summary
		Review Questions
		Short-Answer Questions
		Multiple-Choice Questions
		Answers
Chapter 9. High-Fidelity (or Hi-fi )
	9.1 Fidelity
	9.2 High-Fidelity or Hi-fi
	9.3 High Signal-to-Noise Ratio
	9.4 Flat Frequency Response
	9.5 Low Non-linear Distortion
	9.6 Large Dynamic Range
	9.7 Creating Sense of Direction
	9.8 Creating a Pleasing Environment
		Summary
		Review Questions
		Short-Answer Questions
		Multiple-Choice Questions
		Numerical Problems
		Answers
Chapter 10. Stereophony
	10.1 Meaning of Stereophony
	10.2 Stereophony in the Human System of Hearing
	10.3 Difference between Stereophony and Monophony
	10.4 Ideal Stereo System
	10.5 Practical Stereo System
	10.6 Quadraphonic and Surround-Sound Systems
	10.7 Stereo Recording on Tape and Reproduction
	10.8 Tape Cartridge and Cassette Tape
	10.9 Hi-fi Stereo Reproducing System
	10.10 Stereo Controls
		Summary
		Review Questions
		Short-Answer Questions
		Multiple-Choice Questions
		Answers
Chapter 11. Public Address System
	11.1 Need and Use
	11.2 Block Diagram
	11.3 Requirements of a Public Address System
	11.4 Typical PA Installation Planning
	11.5 PA System for a Public Meeting (Large Gathering)
	11.6 PA System for an Auditorium having Large Capacity
	11.7 PA System for a Debating Hall
	11.8 PA System for a Football Stadium
	11.9 PA System for College Sports
		Summary
		Review Questions
		Short-Answer Questions
		Multiple-Choice Questions
		Numerical Problems
		Answers
Chapter 12. Acoustic Reverberation
	12.1 Reverberation
	12.2 Necessity of Reverberation
	12.3 Typical Reverberation Periods
	12.4 Factors on which Reverberation Time Depends
	12.5 Absorption Coeffi cients
	12.6 Growth and Decay of Sound in an Enclosure
	12.7 Insulation
	12.8 Acoustics of Auditoriums
		Summary
		Review Questions
		Short-Answer Questions
		Multiple-Choice Questions
		Numerical Problems
		Answers
Chapter 13. Television Fundamentals
	13.1 Elements of TV Communication System
	13.2 Scanning
	13.3 Synchronisation
	13.4 Aspect Ratio
	13.5 Picture Elements (Pixels)
	13.6 Resolution
	13.7 Bandwidth
	13.8 Composite Video Signal
	13.9 Modulation of Video Signals
	13.10 Modulation of Audio Signals
	13.11 Monochrome TV Camera Tubes
	13.12 Colour Cameras
	13.13 Compatibility
	13.14 Lumminance Signal
	13.15 Chrominance Signal
	13.16 Picture Tubes
	13.17 Solid State Picture Transducers
	13.18 TV Broadcasting Systems
	13.19 Video Monitors
	13.20 Wide-Dimension High Defi nition TV
	13.21 MAC Encoder
	13.22 MAC Receiver and Decoder
	13.23 Direct-to-Home (DTH) TV
	13.24 Cable Television (CATV)
	13.25 Digital TV System
		Summary
		Review Questions
		Short-Answer Questions
		Multiple-Choice Questions
		Numerical Problems
		Answers
Chapter 14. Television Standards
	14.1 Defi nition
	14.2 Need of a TV Standard
	14.3 Reasons of TV Standards Being Different in Different Countries
	14.4 Different TV Standards
	14.5 Similarities and Variations in Standards
	14.6 International Use of TV Standards
		Summary
		Review Questions
		Short-Answer Questions
		Multiple-Choice Questions
		Numerical Problems
		Answers
Chapter 15. Video Recording on Magnetic Tape
	15.1 Introduction
	15.2 Principle of Video Recording
	15.3 Relationship between Tape Speed and Bandwidth
	15.4 Problems in Video Recording on Tape
	15.5 Rotating Heads
	15.6 Need of Frequency Modulation for Video Recording
	15.7 Helical Recording
	15.8 Recording of Luminance and Colour Signals on the Same Track
	15.9 Principle of Reproduction of Video Signals in a VCR
	15.10 Block Diagram of a VCR
	15.11 Video Cassette Player (VCP)
	15.12 Connection of VCR to TV Receiver
	15.13 VCR Formats
	15.14 VHS
	15.15 Betamax
	15.16 Video-2000
	15.17 U-Matic
	15.18 8 mm Tape
	15.19 Electronic News Gathering (ENG)
	15.20 VCR Nomenclature: (1/2¢¢ VCR, 3/4¢¢ VCR and 1¢¢ VCR)
	15.21 VCR Controls
		Summary
			Review Questions
			Short-Answer Questions
			Multiple-Choice Questions
			Answers
Chapter 16. Video Recording on Discs
	16.1 Introduction
	16.2 Video Compact Disc (VCD)
	16.3 Digital Video Disc (DVD)
	16.4 Techniques Used to Increase Capacity in DVD
	16.5 DVD Features
	16.6 DVD Applications
		Summary
		Review Questions
		Short-Answer Questions
		Multiple-Choice Questions
		Answers
Chapter 17. Troubleshooting in Audio and Video Equipment
	17.1 Introduction
	17.2 Modern Electronic Equipment
	17.3 Maintenance Policy
	17.4 Maintenance Aids for Fault Diagnosis
	17.5 Procedure of Servicing and Maintenance
	17.6 Shielding and Grounding
	17.7 Fault Location
	17.8 Identifying the Faulty Component in the Faulty Stage
	17.9 Some Common Faults in Components
	17.10 Intermittent Faults
	17.11 Troubleshooting in a Power Supply Unit
	17.12 Troubleshooting in a Public Address System
	17.13 Troubleshooting in a Stereo Amplifi er
	17.14 Troubleshooting in Audio Cassette Tape Recorders
	17.15 Troubleshooting in VCRs
	17.16 Troubleshooting in DVD Players
		Summary
		Review Questions
		Short-Answer Questions
		Multiple-Choice Questions
		Answers
Appendices
Index