Atmospheric Turbulence, Meteorological Modeling and Aerodynamics

ATMOSPHERIC TURBULENCE, METEOROLOGICAL MODELING  AND AERODYNAMICS......Page 3
ATMOSPHERIC TURBULENCE, METEOROLOGICAL MODELING  AND AERODYNAMICS......Page 5
CONTENTS......Page 7
PREFACE......Page 9
RESEARCH AND REVIEW STUDIES......Page 19
ABSTRACT......Page 21
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 22
2. THEORETICAL STRUCTURE OF THE ARCTIC PBL......Page 26
3. DATA SETS AND PROXIES......Page 29
Pan-Arctic Data Sets......Page 30
Central Arctic Regions......Page 36
Continental Sub-Arctic Regions......Page 37
4. ARCTIC PBL CLIMATOLOGY RECONSTRUCTION......Page 38
Radiation Re-Stratification Processes......Page 43
Temperature Inversions......Page 44
Clouds......Page 46
Wind Speed and Aero-Dynamical Surface Roughness......Page 49
Turbulent Surface Fluxes and the PBL Life-Time......Page 50
Arctic and Sub-Arctic PBL over Continents (Canadian, Siberian and Alaska Regions)......Page 53
Arctic PBL over Ice-Covered Arctic Ocean (Central and Siberian Arctic Regions)......Page 54
Arctic PBL over Ice Sheets and Glaciers (Greenland Region)......Page 57
Arctic PBL near Ice Edge (Atlantic and Baffin Bay Regions)......Page 61
6. RECENT CHANGES IN THE PBL CLIMATOLOGY......Page 63
Representation of Arctic PBL in Meteorological Models......Page 65
Projects for Arctic PBL in XXI Century......Page 66
7. SUMMARY......Page 67
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS......Page 68
REFERENCES......Page 69
ABSTRACT......Page 77
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 78
2.1. The Entropy Equilibrium Equation and the Linear Phenomenological Relations of Atmospheric System......Page 84
2.2. Turbulent Transport of the Atmospheric Heat and Vapor—Fourier’s Law, Fick’s Law, Dufour Effect and Soret Effect of the Atmospheric Turbulent Eddy Viscosity......Page 87
2.3.1. Linear Phenomenological Relation of the Atmospheric Momentum Transport......Page 89
2.3.2. The Theorem of Turbulent Intensity and the Theorem of Turbulent Momentum Transport......Page 91
2.4. Vortex Theorem......Page 93
3. SIMILARITY THEORY AND DETERMINING LINEAR PHENOMENOLOGICAL COEFFICIENTS......Page 95
3.1. Coexistent Reynolds and Rayleigh-Bénard Turbulences and Monin-Obukhov Similarity Theory......Page 96
3.2. Determining the Linear Phenomenological Coefficients of Atmospheric Turbulent Transports......Page 99
3.3.1. The Scheme for Experimental Verification of the Turbulent Intensity Theorem and the Materials......Page 100
3.3.2. The Properties of the Turbulent Intensity 2w′ and Its Phenomenological Coefficient K33......Page 101
3.3.3. The Form of the Similarity Function , ()zLφ, of the Turbulent Intensity......Page 103
3.3.4. The Verification of the Theorem of Turbulent Intensity......Page 104
3.3.5. Understanding of the Turbulence from the Theory of Linear Nonequilibrium Thermodynamics of the Atmosphere......Page 105
4.1. The Principle of Cross Coupling of the Thermodynamic and Dynamic Processes......Page 107
4.2.1. The Method of Experimental Verification and the Determination of the Coupling Coefficient......Page 110
4.2.2. The Method and Materials Determining the Coupling Coefficient......Page 111
4.2.3. The Properties of the Coupling Coefficient of the Vertical Velocity......Page 112
4.2.4. The Experimental Verification of the Coupling Effect of Vertical Velocity on the Vertical Heat Flux......Page 115
4.3.1. The Convective Transport of Large Eddy in the Mixture Layer......Page 117
4.3.2. The Balance of Ground Surface Energy......Page 119
5. CONCLUSION......Page 123
REFERENCES......Page 124
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 129
2. EDGE PLASMA IN FUSION DEVICES......Page 135
3. POWER SPECTRUM AND CORRELATIONS......Page 137
4. PROBABILISTIC APPROACH AND THE MULTIFRACTAL STATISTICS......Page 140
Probability Density Function......Page 141
Scale Symmetry of Generating Equations......Page 142
Multifractal Description of Intermittent Turbulence......Page 143
Multifractal Statistics......Page 144
Multifractal Cascade Process......Page 146
Multifractal Spectra......Page 148
6. GENERALIZED SCALE INVARIANCE OF EDGE PLASMA TURBULENCE......Page 153
7. LOG-POISSON MODEL OF INTERMITTENT TURBULENCE......Page 155
5. MODIFIED SCALING OF THE LOG-POISSON MODEL WITH ANISOTROPIC TURBULENT CASCADE......Page 167
Log-Poisson Statistics of Waiting-Time......Page 171
Test of the Iroshnikov-Kraichnan Phenomenology......Page 175
8. TRANSPORT SCALING LAWS AND SUPERDIFFUSION IN EDGE PLASMA......Page 177
6. CONCLUSION......Page 178
REFERENCES......Page 180
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 185
2.1. Presentation......Page 187
2.3. Field Experiments in Shallow-Water Estuaries with Semi-Diurnal Tides......Page 189
2.5. Calculations of Turbulence Properties......Page 193
2.6. Turbulent Event Detection Technique......Page 194
3.1. Basic Flow Properties......Page 197
3.2. Turbulence Properties......Page 199
3.3. Turbulence Time Scales......Page 201
3.4. Dimensionless Turbulence Parameters......Page 204
3.5. Suspended Sediment Fluxes......Page 206
3.6. Discussion......Page 208
4.1. Presentation......Page 210
4.2. Turbulence Event and Sub-Event Statistics......Page 211
4.3. Discussion......Page 215
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS......Page 218
REFERENCES......Page 219
OPEN ACCESS REPOSITORIES......Page 222
ABSTRACT......Page 223
NOMENCLATURE......Page 224
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 225
2.1. Governing Equations......Page 228
2.2. Reynolds Analogy......Page 229
3.1. Turbulence Models......Page 230
3.2. Combustion Models......Page 231
3.3. Other Physical Models and Numerical Methods......Page 232
4.1. Some Previous RANS Studies......Page 233
4.2.1. Experimental Measurements......Page 234
4.2.2. Computational Domain, Mesh and Boundary Conditions......Page 235
4.2.3. Results and Discussion......Page 236
5.1. Experimental Measurements......Page 240
5.2.1. Computational Domain......Page 241
5.2.2. Boundary Conditions and Solution Methods......Page 242
5.3.1. Velocity Distributions......Page 243
5.3.2. Temperature Distributions......Page 247
5.3.3. Discussion......Page 251
CONCLUSIONS......Page 252
REFERENCES......Page 253
ABSTRACT......Page 257
INTRODUCTION......Page 258
THE SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS......Page 259
THE DETERMINATION OF THE SENSITIVITY COEFFICIENTS FOR THE K-ε STANDARD METHOD......Page 260
THE METHODS OF THE ANALYSES OF CALCULATIONS ERRORS AND THE SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS COEFFICIENTS......Page 264
THE RESEARCH IN THE WIND TUNNEL......Page 266
THE NUMERIC MODELS......Page 267
THE SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS OF THE FLOW AROUND  THE MODEL AT THE GROUND......Page 269
THE ANALYSIS OF THE INFLUENCE OF SELECTED NUMERICAL METHODS ON QUALITY OF THE SOLUTION......Page 280
THE DESCRIPTION OF ANALYSED NUMERICAL METHODS......Page 281
THE EVALUATION OF THE QUALITY OF RESULTS ON THE BASIS OF THE COMPARISON OF THE MEASUREMENTS AND  CALCULATIONS RESULTS......Page 283
THE SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS OF THE SOLUTION WITH REGARD TO APPLIED NUMERICAL METHODS......Page 286
THE RESEARCH OF SOLUTIONS WITH VARIOUS NUMERICAL METHODS......Page 288
THE CHOICE OF THE FVM MESH BASED ON THE  SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS......Page 289
CONCLUSION......Page 291
REFERENCES......Page 292
ABSTRACT......Page 295
INTRODUCTION......Page 296
Sampler Construction......Page 297
Influence of Wind-Speed......Page 299
Sampler Analysis......Page 300
Influence of Wind Speed......Page 301
Estimation of the Boundary Layer Conductance......Page 303
Field Tests of the Oxford Sampler......Page 306
REFERENCES......Page 309
ABSTRACT......Page 311
2. OVERVIEW ON THE CONVENTIONAL METHODS FOR MODELING AND PREDICTION OF METEOROLOGICAL DATA......Page 312
3.1. Application of Neural Network for Solar Radiation Prediction .......Page 316
3.2. Application of Neural Network and Wavelet for Wind-Speed Prediction......Page 323
3.3. Application of Neural Network for Mean Temperature Prediction......Page 326
3.5. Application of Fuzzy Logic for Solar Radiation and  Sunshine Duration......Page 327
3.6. Application of Neuro-Fuzzy for Solar Radiation, Sunshine Duration and Clearness Index......Page 328
3.7. Application of Neural Network and Markov Chain for Solar Radiation Prediction......Page 330
3.8. Application of Neural Networks and Wavelet Analysis for Forecasting Solar Radiation......Page 331
3.9. Application of ANN for Weather Forecasting......Page 333
3.10. Evolving Polynomial Neural Network for Forecasting of  Meteorological Data......Page 334
4. FPGA-BASED IMPLEMENTATION OF SOLAR RADIATION MODEL......Page 335
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS......Page 338
REFERENCES......Page 339
ABSTRACT......Page 347
FLOWERING INTENSITY MODELS......Page 348
MODELLING IN HERBACEOUS SPECIES......Page 350
MODELLING AND CLIMATE CHANGE......Page 351
SPATIAL ANALYSIS......Page 352
REMOTE SENSING IN PHENOLOGY STUDIES......Page 354
REFERENCES......Page 355
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 361
2.1. Definition......Page 364
2.2. Problem......Page 366
2.3. State Equations......Page 368
2.4. Adjoint Equations......Page 370
3.2. Smoothing......Page 373
3.3. Constant Volume Constraint......Page 376
3.4. Robust Mesh Deformation......Page 377
4.1. Fluid Algorithms......Page 378
4.2. Weighted Residual Method......Page 379
4.3. SU (Stream Upwind) Method......Page 380
4.4. Derivation of the Finite Element Equations......Page 381
4.5. Coefficient Matrix......Page 384
4.6. Discretization of Sensitivity Equation......Page 393
4.8. Discretization of the Biharmonic Equation......Page 395
4.9. Superposition of the Finite Element Equations......Page 397
4.10. Setting of the Boundary Conditions......Page 400
5.1. Shape Optimization Algorithm......Page 401
5.2. HEC-MW......Page 403
5.3. Parallel Computing by Using Domain Decomposition and CRS Format......Page 405
5.4. Operations Using the CRS Format......Page 411
6.1. Calculation Model and Conditions......Page 415
6.2. Flow fields......Page 416
6.3. Calculation Results......Page 418
6.4. Shape Optimality......Page 422
A. TRANSFORMATION OF LAGRANGE FUNCTION......Page 426
B. DERIVATION OF ADJOINT EQUATIONS......Page 427
C. DERIVATION OF SENSITIVITY EQUATION......Page 431
REFERENCES......Page 440
1. FLOW FIELD OF SUPERSONIC FREE JETS AND JET DEFLECTOR......Page 447
2. COMPUTATION OF FLOW FIELD OVER PAYLOAD FARING......Page 457
3. UNSTEADY FLOW OVER PAYLOAD FAIRING......Page 463
4. FLOW FIELD STUDY OF THE FORWARD FACING SPIKE......Page 465
5. ESTIMATION OF ANGLE OF ATTACK OF LAUNCH VEHICLE......Page 470
6. DEPRESSURIZATION OF PAYLOAD FAIRING......Page 474
6. FLOW FIELD SIMULATION OF THE REENTRY CAPSULES......Page 476
REFERENCES......Page 481
ABSTRACT......Page 487
INTRODUCTION......Page 488
WEMU BLADE AIRFOILS......Page 489
Governing Equations......Page 490
Discretization and Grid......Page 492
Wind Conditions......Page 494
BLADE ANGLES CONTROL......Page 495
WEMU TURBINE’S EFFICIENCY......Page 496
VERTICAL CIRCULATION IN WEMU TURBINE......Page 498
PARTIALLY FREE ROTATING BLADE TURBINE......Page 500
REFERENCES......Page 503
INTRODUCTION......Page 505
Safety First......Page 506
Going Green......Page 507
Overview of Article......Page 508
Points of Sail and Aerodynamic Forces......Page 509
Apparent Wind and Twist......Page 510
Sails as Part of a System......Page 512
Complexities of Sail Aerodynamics......Page 513
Full-Scale Testing......Page 514
Wind Tunnel Testing......Page 516
Computational Simulation......Page 518
REFERENCES......Page 520
Nomenclature......Page 523
1. Introduction......Page 526
2. Basic equations......Page 528
3. Sub-grid scale models......Page 529
3.2. RNG model......Page 530
3.3. Dynamic model......Page 531
3.5. Filter width......Page 532
4. Numerical method......Page 533
5. Fully developed turbulent channel flow......Page 534
6. Turbulent flow in channel induced by wall injection......Page 535
6.1. Methods of simulation......Page 540
6.3. Results and discussion......Page 541
7. Free mixing layer......Page 545
7.1. Self-similar solutions......Page 547
7.2. Boundary conditions......Page 548
7.3. Parameters of flow......Page 549
7.5. Results and discussion......Page 550
8. Free turbulent jet......Page 552
8.1. Methods of simulation......Page 554
8.2. Boundary conditions......Page 558
8.3. Results and discussion......Page 559
9. Turbulent impingement jet......Page 566
9.1. Methods of simulation......Page 567
9.2. Boundary conditions......Page 569
9.3. Results and discussion......Page 570
10.1. Methods of simulation......Page 576
10.2. Dispersion of phase fluctuations......Page 578
10.3. Phase function of wave front......Page 579
10.4. Results and discussion......Page 581
11. Conclusion......Page 585
References......Page 587
Abstract......Page 593
1. Introduction......Page 594
1.1. Overview of the urban microscale modeling system......Page 596
2.1. Grid generator: urbanGRID......Page 598
2.2. Flow solver: urbanSTREAM......Page 602
2.3. Urban dispersion: urbanEU and urbanAEU......Page 608
2.4. Concentration probability density function......Page 612
3.1. Finite-volume discretization......Page 615
3.2. Pressure-correction algorithm......Page 618
3.3. Boundary condition implementation......Page 622
4.1. Multiblock algorithm......Page 625
4.2. Parallelization of multiblock code......Page 627
5.1. Water channel experiment......Page 630
5.3. Comparison of velocitystatistics......Page 632
5.4. Comparison of concentration statistics......Page 635
6.1. Joint Urban 2003......Page 637
6.2. Grid generation for Oklahoma City......Page 639
6.3. Flow field......Page 640
6.4. Plume dispersion in Oklahoma City......Page 642
7. Conclusion......Page 645
References......Page 648
1 Introduction......Page 653
2.1 Meteorological Phenomenon......Page 654
2.2.2 Fog Granulometry......Page 655
3.1 Single scattering......Page 656
3.1.1 Influent Parameters: Size and Wavelength......Page 657
3.1.2 Mie Scattering Theory......Page 658
3.2.2 Poly dispersed Medium......Page 659
3.3.2 Phase Function......Page 660
3.4 Visibility in Fog......Page 662
4.1.2 Effects of Light Scattering......Page 663
4.2.1 Combining Extinction, Halos and Airlight......Page 665
4.2.2 Pros and Cons......Page 666
4.3.1 Input......Page 667
5.1 Objectives......Page 668
5.3 Daytime Situation......Page 672
5.3.1 Measurement Process......Page 675
5.3.2 Process Validation on Photometric Simulations......Page 676
5.4 Nighttime Situation......Page 678
5.4.1 Measurement Process......Page 680
5.4.2 Process Validation on Photometric Simulations......Page 681
5.5 Partial Assessment......Page 684
6 Conclusion......Page 685
References......Page 686
SHORT COMMENTARIES......Page 689
ON PARAMETERIZING INCLINED STABLE  BOUNDARY LAYERS......Page 691
REFERENCES......Page 693
ABSTRACT......Page 697
INTRODUCTION......Page 698
THE METHOD......Page 699
CASE STUDY......Page 700
WINDOWING PROCEDURE......Page 701
STANDARD DEVIATION OF RESIDUALS......Page 702
EXPLANATORY VARIABLES SIGNIFICANCE......Page 703
INTERPOLATED RESULTS......Page 704
REFERENCES......Page 706
ABSTRACT......Page 709
Materials and Methods......Page 710
Results......Page 711
DISCUSSION......Page 715
REFERENCES......Page 716
APPENDIX 1.  MATLAB SCRIPT 1.......Page 717
INDEX......Page 723