Atmospheres in the Solar System: Comparative Aeronomy

Atmospheres in the Solar System Comparative Aeronomy......Page 3
Copyright......Page 4
CONTENTS......Page 5
PREFACE......Page 9
REFEREES......Page 10
Introduction......Page 11
REFERENCES......Page 12
PART I. OVERVIEWS
......Page 14
2. NOMENCLATURE......Page 15
3. FUNDAMENTAL LENGTH SCALES AND DEFINITIONS......Page 16
4. FIVE BASIC PARAMETERS FOR A CLASSIFICATION SCHEME OFATMOSPHERES, COMAS, AND EXOSPHERES......Page 18
5. VERTICAL STRUCTURE: DIFFUSION AND MIXING......Page 21
6.2. Terrestrial C02 Atmospheres......Page 22
6.3. N2 Atmospheres......Page 23
6.6. Comas......Page 25
7. THE THERMAL STRUCTURE OF THERMOSPHERES: THE ROLE OF MOLECULAR HEAT CONDUCTION......Page 26
8. WAVE HEATING: WHY DON'T ALLTMOSPHERES HAVE CORONAS?......Page 27
REFERENCES......Page 29
2.1. General Principles......Page 31
2.2. Terrestrial Planets......Page 32
2.3. Giant Planets......Page 34
2.4- Io, Titan, Triton, and Pluto Atmospheres......Page 35
3.2. Terrestrial Planets......Page 36
3.3. Jovian Planets......Page 37
3.4- Titan, Triton and Pluto......Page 40
4.1. Fundamental Equations......Page 41
4.2. Thermospheric Global Circulation Models......Page 42
REFERENCES......Page 43
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 46
2. VENUS AND MARS......Page 47
3. THE OUTER PLANETS......Page 51
4. MOONS AND COMETS.......Page 54
REFERENCES......Page 59
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 62
2. OBSERVATIONS OF AURORAL EMISSIONS IN THE SOLAR SYSTEM......Page 63
2.1. Earth......Page 64
2.2. Bodies with a significant intrinsic magnetosphere......Page 65
2.3. Bodies with an induced magnetic environment......Page 67
3.1. Kinetic Electron Transport Model......Page 69
3.2. Kinetic Ion/Neutral Transport Model......Page 71
3.3. Atmospheric Model......Page 72
3.4. Photon transport model......Page 73
4. CONCLUSION AND DISCUSSION......Page 75
REFERENCES......Page 78
INTRODUCTION......Page 84
Visible Emissions From PVO Star Tracker......Page 86
The 02a-X Infrared Atmospheric Band Emission......Page 87
Keck Sky Spectra......Page 88
N02 Continuum Measurements......Page 90
OBSERVATIONS OF OUTER PLANET AIRGLOW......Page 91
Excitation Mechanisms of the Giant Planet Dayglows......Page 94
Temperature Dependence of H2 Fluorescence......Page 95
CONCLUSIONS......Page 96
PART II. INTERACTIONS BETWEEN PLANETARY AND SMALL BODY ATMOSPHERES WITH THE SURROUNDING PLASMA MEDIUM
......Page 101
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 102
3.1 Background on Approaches......Page 103
3.2 Magnetospheric Generator......Page 105
3.3 Mid-Altitude Controller......Page 108
3.4 Ionospheric Load......Page 111
4.3 Jupiter's Auroral Oval......Page 112
5.2 Momentum Redistribution in Astrophysical Systems......Page 116
CONCLUSIONS......Page 117
REFERENCES......Page 118
INTRODUCTION......Page 120
THE AERONOMY OF THE AURORAL EMISSION PROCESS......Page 121
Models for Auroral Particle Precipitation......Page 123
Multispectral Emissions at Earth and Jupiter......Page 124
Spectral Observations and Determination of the Incident Particle Spectrum......Page 129
THE BASIC MORPHOLOGY OF THE AURORAL EMISSION PATTERN......Page 133
REFERENCES......Page 138
PLANET COMPARISONS......Page 145
Gas Dynamic Simulations......Page 147
MHD Simulations......Page 148
Kinetic Simulations......Page 149
MARS SIMULATIONS......Page 150
SUMMARY......Page 151
REFERENCES......Page 152
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 154
2.1. The Cometary Atmosphere......Page 155
2.2. The Cometary Ionosphere......Page 156
3.1. Europa's Interaction with Jupiter's Magnetosphere......Page 157
3.2. Io's Interaction with Jupiter's Magnetosphere......Page 159
3.3. Ideal MHD for Gyration Dominated Plasma at Io......Page 163
3.4. Mass-Loading by a More Realistic Neutral Atmosphere......Page 164
REFERENCES......Page 167
PART III. CHEMISTRY, ENERGETICS AND DYNAMICS
......Page 171
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 172
2.1. General Theory and Relation to the MeanStructure of Earth's Atmosphere......Page 174
2.2. Gravity Waves on Mars......Page 176
3.1. Basics of Tidal Theory......Page 177
3.2. Thermal forcing of Atmospheric tides......Page 178
3.3. Thermal Tides on Earth......Page 179
3.4- Thermal Tides on Mars......Page 180
4.1. Tides......Page 183
4.2. Gravity Waves......Page 184
4.3. The Superrotation Problem......Page 185
CONCLUDING REMARKS......Page 188
REFERENCES......Page 189
2. EXOSPHERES......Page 192
3. ESCAPE......Page 194
4. EARTH......Page 195
5. VENUS......Page 197
6. MARS......Page 198
8. JOVIAN PLANETS......Page 199
11. TITAN......Page 200
REFERENCES......Page 201
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 204
2 . PHYSICAL PROCESSES......Page 205
2.2. Stimulated Desorption and Sputtering......Page 206
2.4. Adsorption......Page 207
2.6. Transport and Recycling......Page 208
2.7. Density Calculations......Page 209
3.1. Mercury......Page 210
3.2. The Moon......Page 211
3.3. Galilean Satellites......Page 212
4. SUMMARY......Page 216
REFERENCES......Page 217
INTRODUCTION......Page 221
SOLAR SPECTRUM......Page 222
SOURCES OF SOLAR VARIABILITY......Page 223
TIME PERIODS OF SOLAR VARIABILITY......Page 225
OBSERVATIONS......Page 226
MODELS......Page 227
REFERENCE SPECTRA FOR SOLAR CYCLE 22......Page 228
REFERENCES......Page 231
2.1. Properties of Dust in Solar System......Page 234
2.2. Ablation Process......Page 235
2.4. Neutral Processes......Page 236
3. TERRESTRIAL PLANETS......Page 237
4. OUTER PLANETS......Page 239
REFERENCES......Page 241
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 244
3.0 OXYGEN NIGHT AIRGLOW CHEMISTRY OFEARTH, VENUS, AND MARS......Page 245
3.1 Laser Preparation and Detection of 02 Excited States......Page 247
3.3 The 5 fig State of 02 and Oxygen Atom Recombination......Page 248
4.0 GIANT PLANET AURORA: H3 FORMATION ANDDISSOCIATIVE RECOMBINATION......Page 251
5.0 GIANT PLANET HYDROCARBON PHOTOCHEMISTRY: CH3 + CH3 RECOMBINATION......Page 252
6. CONCLUSIONS......Page 253
REFERENCES......Page 254
PART IV. MODELS OF AERONOMIC SYSTEMS
......Page 258
Simulations of the Upper Atmospheres of theTerrestrial Planets......Page 259
2.1. Overview of Structure and Dynamics......Page 260
2 . 2 . Implications of Fundamental Parameters......Page 262
2.3. Common Thermospheric Processes......Page 264
3. THREE DIMENSIONAL MODELING TOOLS......Page 265
3.2.1. VTGCM......Page 266
3.2.2. TIE-GCM.......Page 268
3.2.3. CTIM.......Page 269
3.3. Standard Inputs and Forcings for TGCMs......Page 270
4.1.1. VTGCM.......Page 271
4.1.2. MTGCM.......Page 274
4.1.3. TIE-GCM......Page 276
5.1. Venus : Maintenance of the Nightside Cryosphere......Page 278
5.2. Earth : Auroral Forcing and Magnetospheric Convection......Page 280
5.3. Mars : Dust Storm Impacts on the Thermosphere......Page 283
REFERENCES......Page 284
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 287
2.1. Equations of Continuity, Momentum, and Energy......Page 289
2.2. Neutral and Ion Chemistry......Page 290
3. RESULTS......Page 292
REFERENCES......Page 294
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 297
3. PHYSICS-BASED NUMERICAL MODELS......Page 299
4. PARAMETERIZED MODELS......Page 301
5. DATA ASSIMILATION MODELS......Page 303
REFERENCES......Page 304
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 305
2.1. Titan......Page 306
2.2. Triton......Page 307
3. THE GENERAL CIRCULATION MODELS......Page 308
4.1. Global Structures......Page 309
4.2. Balance of Forces......Page 311
4.3. Energy Sources and Sinks......Page 312
5 . 1 . Coupling to the Magnetosphere......Page 313
6. CONCLUSIONS......Page 314
REFERENCES......Page 315
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 317
3. MODELING APPROACH......Page 318
3.2 Modeling CY0,v'' on Triton......Page 320
5. SUMMARY AND FUTURE WORK......Page 321
REFERENCES......Page 323
PART V. OBSERVATIONAL APPLICATIONS
......Page 325
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 326
3. HIGH DEFINITION IMAGING OF MERCURY......Page 327
4. FABRY-PEROT INTERFEROMETERAPPLICATIONS IN PLANETARY SCIENCE......Page 329
5. A SUPER-LIDAR FOR OBSERVING THEDENSITY, TEMPERATURE AND VELOCITY OF THE MOON'S SODIUM ATMOSPHERE......Page 330
6. CAN A TERRESTRIAL INCOHERENT SCATTER RADAR OBSERVE IONOSPHERES ON VENUS AND MARS?......Page 332
REFERENCES......Page 333
1. PRINCIPLES OF ULTRAVIOLET REMOTE SENSING......Page 335
2. INSTRUMENTAL METHODS OF UV REMOTE SENSING......Page 336
3. OBSERVATIONAL METHODS OF UV REMOTE SENSING......Page 338
4. PRINCIPLES OF RADIATIVE TRANSFER......Page 339
5. KEY TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENTS IN UV REMOTE SENSING......Page 341
6. EXAMPLES OF AIRGLOW INSTRUMENTS......Page 342
REFERENCES......Page 345
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 348
3. MASS SPECTROMETRY......Page 351
3.1. Quadrupole Mass Spectrometry......Page 352
3 . 2 . Ion Trap Mass Spectrometry......Page 353
3.3 Magnetic Mass Spectroscopy......Page 354
3.4. Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry......Page 355
3.5. Spectrometry and Spectroscopy Duty Cycles......Page 356
3.8. Miniaturization......Page 357
REFERENCES......Page 358
PART VI. ATMOSPHERES OF OTHER WORLDS
......Page 361
1. KNOWN EXTRASOLAR SYSTEMS......Page 362
2.1. Radial velocity......Page 363
2.11. Radio Emission......Page 364
4. PLANETARY SPECTRA: PRESENT EARTH......Page 365
4-2. Thermal Emission Spectrum......Page 366
4-3. Reflection Spectrum......Page 367
5. PLANETARY SPECTRA:NEOPROTEROZOIC EARTH......Page 368
6. PLANETARY SPECTRA: METHANE......Page 369
8. CAN WE DETECT LIFE?......Page 370
REFERENCES......Page 372
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 374
3. THE DEVELOPMENT OF LIFE ON EARTH......Page 375
5. EMISSIONS FROM OXYGEN......Page 376
6. ABSORPTION BY OXYGEN......Page 378
7. WHAT CAN WE LEARN FROM OBSERVATIONS IN THE SOLAR SYSTEM?......Page 379
8. CONCLUSIONS......Page 380
REFERENCES......Page 381