Atlas of Uveitis: Diagnosis and Treatment

Foreword by Quan Dong Nguyen
Foreword by Aize Kijlstra
Foreword by Shigeaki Ohno
Foreword by Manfred Zierhut
Foreword by Amod Gupta
Preface
Contents
Part I: Overview
	1: Anatomy and Physiology of Uveitis
		1.1	 Anatomy of the Eyeball
		1.2	 Eye Content
		1.3	 The Cornea
		1.4	 The Sclera
		1.5	 The Uveal Tract
		1.6	 The Retina
		1.7	 The Aqueous Humor
		1.8	 The Lens
		1.9	 The Vitreous
		References
	2: Classification of Uveitis
		2.1	 Classification of Uveitis
		2.2	 Anatomic Classification
		2.3	 Classification Based on Course
		2.4	 Classification Based on Clinical and Pathological Features
		2.5	 Classification Based on Causative Agents
		References
Part II: Diagnosis of Uveitis
	3: History-Taking in Uveitis Patients
		3.1	 Overview
		3.2	 Geographical and Racial Distribution of Uveitis
		3.3	 Age at Onset of Uveitis
		3.4	 Sex Distribution in Uveitis
		3.5	 Unilateral or Bilateral Involvement
		3.6	 Family History
		3.7	 Personal History
		3.8	 Systemic Manifestations (Systemic Disorders)
		References
	4: Ocular Examinations
		4.1	 The Purposes of Ocular Examinations in Uveitis Patients
		4.2	 Visual Acuity
		4.3	 Lid Changes May Be Associated with the Following Entities of Uveitis
		4.4	 Conjunctival Changes May Be Seen in the Following Uveitis Entities
		4.5	 Episcleritis
		4.6	 Scleritis
		4.7	 Red Reflex Through the Sclera
		4.8	 Corneal Changes
		4.9	 Ciliary Injection
		4.10	 Keratic Precipitates (KPs)
		4.11	 Anterior Chamber Alterations
		4.12	 Changes in the Iris and Pupil
		4.13	 Changes of the Anterior Chamber Angle
		4.14	 Changes of the Lens
		4.15	 Changes of the Vitreous
		4.16	 The Fundus Changes in Uveitis
		References
	5: Auxiliary Ocular Examinations
		5.1	 Ultrasound Biomicroscopy (UBM)
			5.1.1	 Overview
			5.1.2	 The Changes Disclosed by UBM in Uveitis Patients
		5.2	 Ultrasonography
			5.2.1	 Overview
			5.2.2	 The Changes Detected by Ultrasonography in Uveitis Patients
		5.3	 Fundus Fluorescein Angiography (FFA)
			5.3.1	 Overview
			5.3.2	 The Changes Detected by FFA in Uveitis Patients
		5.4	 Indocyanine Green Angiography (ICGA)
			5.4.1	 Overview
			5.4.2	 The Changes Detected by ICGA in Uveitis Patients
		5.5	 Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) Imaging
			5.5.1	 Overview
			5.5.2	 The Changes Disclosed by OCT in Uveitis Patients
		References
	6: Systemic Imaging and Laboratory Investigations
		6.1 X-ray
		6.2 Computed Tomography (CT)
		6.3 Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
		6.4 Laboratory Investigations
		References
Part III: Treatment of Uveitis
	7: Ideology, Fundamental Principles, and Strategies in Management of Uveitis
		7.1 Ideology in Uveitis Management
		7.2 Fundamental Principles
		7.3 Strategies
		References
	8: Corticosteroids
		8.1	 Overview
		8.2	 Topical Corticosteroids
		8.3	 Periocular Corticosteroids
		8.4	 Intravitreal Corticosteroids
		8.5	 Systemic Corticosteroids
		References
	9: Steroid-sparing Immunosuppressive Agents
		9.1	 Overview
		9.2	 Cyclophosphamide
		9.3	 Chlorambucil
		9.4	 Cyclosporine A (CsA)
		9.5	 FK506
		9.6	 Methotrexate
		9.7	 Azathioprine
		9.8	 Mycophenolate Mofetil
		9.9	 Biological Agents
		References
	10: Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs
		10.1	 Overview
		10.2	 Topical NSAIDs
		10.3	 Systemic NSAIDs
		References
	11: Complications and Their Management
		11.1	 Overview
		11.2	 Cataract
		11.3	 Ocular Hypertension and Glaucoma
		11.4	 Macular Edema
		References
Part IV: Specific Uveitis Entities, Scleritis and Episcleritis
	12: Acute Anterior Uveitis
		12.1	 Definition
		12.2	 Epidemiology
		12.3	 Common Entities
		12.4	 Less Common Entities
		12.5	 Symptoms
		12.6	 Signs
		12.7	 Complications
		12.8	 Diagnosis
		12.9	 Differential Diagnosis
		12.10	 Treatment
		12.11	 Prognosis
		References
	13: Intermediate Uveitis
		13.1	 Definition
		13.2	 Epidemiology
		13.3	 Etiology and Pathogenesis
		13.4	 Clinical Manifestations
			13.4.1	 Symptoms
			13.4.2	 Signs
		13.5	 Complications
		13.6	 Diagnosis
		13.7	 Differential Diagnosis
		13.8	 Treatment
		13.9	 Prognosis
		References
	14: Posterior Uveitis
		14.1	 Definition
		14.2	 Epidemiology
		14.3	 Etiology and Pathogenesis
		14.4	 Entities of Posterior Uveitis
		14.5	 Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis
		14.6	 Treatment
		14.7	 Prognosis
		References
	15: Uveitis Associated with Ankylosing Spondylitis
		15.1	 Definition
		15.2	 Epidemiology
		15.3	 Etiology and Pathogenesis
		15.4	 Systemic Manifestations
		15.5	 Ocular Manifestations
		15.6	 Complications
		15.7	 Diagnosis
		15.8	 Differential Diagnosis
		15.9	 Treatment
		15.10	 Prognosis
		References
	16: Uveitis Associated with Reactive Arthritis
		16.1	 Definition
		16.2	 Epidemiology
		16.3	 Systemic Manifestations
		16.4	 Ocular Manifestations
		16.5	 Diagnosis
		16.6	 Differential Diagnosis
		16.7	 Treatment
		16.8	 Prognosis
		References
	17: Uveitis Associated with Psoriasis
		17.1	 Definition
		17.2	 Epidemiology
		17.3	 Etiology and Pathogenesis
		17.4	 Systemic Manifestations
		17.5	 Ocular Manifestations
		17.6	 Complications
		17.7	 Diagnosis
		17.8	 Differential Diagnosis
		17.9	 Treatment
		17.10	 Prognosis
		References
	18: Uveitis Associated with Inflammatory Bowel Diseases
		18.1	 Definition
		18.2	 Epidemiology
		18.3	 Etiology and Pathogenesis
		18.4	 Systemic Manifestations
		18.5	 Ocular Manifestations
		18.6	 Complications
		18.7	 Diagnosis
		18.8	 Differential Diagnosis
		18.9	 Treatment
		18.10	 Prognosis
		References
	19: Anterior Uveitis Associated with Herpesviruses
		19.1	 Definition
		19.2	 Epidemiology
		19.3	 Etiology and Pathogenesis
		19.4	 Clinical Manifestations
		19.5	 Complications
		19.6	 Diagnosis
		19.7	 Differential Diagnosis
		19.8	 Treatment
		19.9	 Prognosis
		References
	20: Fuchs Syndrome
		20.1	 Definition
		20.2	 Epidemiology
		20.3	 Etiology and Pathogenesis
		20.4	 Clinical Manifestations
		20.5	 Complications
		20.6	 Diagnosis
		20.7	 Differential Diagnosis
		20.8	 Treatment
		20.9	 Prognosis
		References
	21: Posner–Schlossman Syndrome
		21.1	 Definition
		21.2	 Epidemiology
		21.3	 Etiology and Pathogenesis
		21.4	 Clinical Manifestations
		21.5	 Complications
		21.6	 Diagnosis
		21.7	 Differential Diagnosis
		21.8	 Treatment
		21.9	 Prognosis
		References
	22: Uveitis in Children
		22.1	 Definition
		22.2	 Epidemiology
		22.3	 Specific Concerns About Uveitis in Children
		22.4	 Complications
		22.5	 Diagnosis
		22.6	 Treatment
		22.7	 Prognosis
		References
	23: Uveitis-associated with Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis
		23.1	 Definition
		23.2	 Epidemiology
		23.3	 Etiology and Pathogenesis
		23.4	 Systemic Manifestations
		23.5	 Ocular Manifestations
		23.6	 Complications
		23.7	 Diagnosis
		23.8	 Differential Diagnosis
		23.9	 Treatment
		23.10	 Prognosis
		References
	24: Blau Syndrome
		24.1	 Definition
		24.2	 Etiology and Pathogenesis
		24.3	 Systemic Manifestations
		24.4	 Ocular Manifestations
		24.5	 Complications
		24.6	 Diagnosis
		24.7	 Differential Diagnosis
		24.8	 Treatment
		24.9	 Prognosis
		References
	25: Tubulointerstitial Nephritis and Uveitis Syndrome
		25.1	 Definition
		25.2	 Epidemiology
		25.3	 Etiology and Pathogenesis
		25.4	 Clinical Manifestations
		25.5	 Diagnosis
		25.6	 Differential Diagnosis
		25.7	 Treatment
		25.8	 Prognosis
		References
	26: Behcet’s Disease
		26.1	 Definition
		26.2	 Epidemiology
		26.3	 Etiology and Pathogenesis
		26.4	 Ocular Lesions
		26.5	 Extraocular Manifestations
		26.6	 Ocular Complications
		26.7	 Diagnosis
		26.8	 Diagnostic Criteria
		26.9	 Differential Diagnosis
		26.10	 Treatment
		26.11	 Prognosis
		References
	27: Vogt–Koyanagi–Harada Disease
		27.1	 Definition
		27.2	 Epidemiology
		27.3	 Etiology and Pathogenesis
		27.4	 Clinical Manifestations
			27.4.1	 Ocular Manifestations [1, 11]
			27.4.2	 Extraocular Manifestations [1–4]
			27.4.3	 Manifestations in Different Stages [1, 4, 12]
		27.5	 Complications
		27.6	 Auxiliary Examinations
		27.7	 Diagnosis
		27.8	 Differential Diagnosis
		27.9	 Treatment
		27.10	 Prognosis
		References
	28: Sympathetic Ophthalmia
		28.1	 Definition
		28.2	 Epidemiology
		28.3	 Etiology and Pathogenesis
		28.4	 Ocular Manifestations
		28.5	 Extraocular Manifestations
		28.6	 Complications
		28.7	 Diagnosis
		28.8	 Differential Diagnosis
		28.9	 Management
		28.10	 Prognosis
		References
	29: Retinal Vasculitis
		29.1	 Definition
		29.2	 Retinal Vasculitis Associated with Systemic Vasculitis
		29.3	 Retinal Vasculitis Secondary to Infectious Diseases
		29.4	 Primary Retinal Vasculitis
		29.5	 Clinical Manifestation
			29.5.1	 Symptoms
			29.5.2	 Signs
		29.6	 Complications
		29.7	 Diagnosis
		29.8	 Differential Diagnosis
		29.9	 Management
		29.10	 Prognosis
		References
	30: Eales Disease
		30.1	 Definition
		30.2	 Epidemiology
		30.3	 Etiology and Pathogenesis
		30.4	 Clinical Manifestations
			30.4.1	 Symptoms
			30.4.2	 Signs
		30.5	 Complications
		30.6	 Diagnosis
		30.7	 Differential Diagnosis
		30.8	 Treatment
		30.9	 Prognosis
		References
	31: Frosted Branch Angiitis
		31.1	 Definition
		31.2	 Epidemiology
		31.3	 Etiology and Pathogenesis
		31.4	 Clinical Manifestations
		31.5	 Complications
		31.6	 Diagnosis
		31.7	 Differential Diagnosis
		31.8	 Treatment
		31.9	 Prognosis
		References
	32: Ocular Sarcoidosis
		32.1	 Definition
		32.2	 Epidemiology
		32.3	 Etiology and Pathogenesis
		32.4	 Systemic Manifestations
		32.5	 Ocular Manifestations
		32.6	 Diagnosis and Diagnostic Criteria
		32.7	 Differential Diagnosis
		32.8	 Treatment
		32.9	 Prognosis
		References
	33: Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
		33.1	 Definition
		33.2	 Epidemiology
		33.3	 Etiology and Pathogenesis
		33.4	 Systemic Manifestations
		33.5	 Ocular Manifestations
		33.6	 Diagnosis
		33.7	 Differential Diagnosis
		33.8	 Treatment
		33.9	 Prognosis
		References
	34: Uveitis Associated with Relapsing Polychondritis
		34.1	 Definition
		34.2	 Epidemiology
		34.3	 Etiology and Pathogenesis
		34.4	 Ocular Manifestations
		34.5	 Systemic Manifestations
		34.6	 Diagnosis
		34.7	 Treatment
		34.8	 Prognosis
		References
	35: Subretinal Fibrosis and Uveitis Syndrome
		35.1	 Definition
		35.2	 Epidemiology
		35.3	 Etiology and Pathogenesis
		35.4	 Clinical Manifestations
		35.5	 Diagnosis
		35.6	 Differential Diagnosis
		35.7	 Treatment
		35.8	 Prognosis
		References
	36: Multifocal Choroiditis and Panuveitis
		36.1	 Definition
		36.2	 Epidemiology
		36.3	 Etiology and Pathogenesis
		36.4	 Clinical Manifestations
		36.5	 Complications
		36.6	 Diagnosis
		36.7	 Differential Diagnosis
		36.8	 Treatment
		36.9	 Prognosis
		References
	37: Serpiginous Choroiditis
		37.1	 Definition
		37.2	 Epidemiology
		37.3	 Etiology and Pathogenesis
		37.4	 Clinical Manifestations
		37.5	 Complications
		37.6	 Diagnosis
		37.7	 Differential Diagnosis
		37.8	 Treatment
		37.9	 Prognosis
		References
	38: Acute Retinal Pigment Epitheliitis
		38.1	 Definition
		38.2	 Epidemiology
		38.3	 Etiology and Pathogenesis
		38.4	 Clinical Manifestations
		38.5	 Diagnosis
		38.6	 Differential Diagnosis
		38.7	 Treatment
		38.8	 Prognosis
		References
	39: Punctate Inner Choroidopathy
		39.1	 Definition
		39.2	 Epidemiology
		39.3	 Etiology and Pathogenesis
		39.4	 Clinical Manifestations
		39.5	 Diagnosis
		39.6	 Differential Diagnosis
		39.7	 Treatment
		39.8	 Prognosis
		References
	40: Birdshot Chorioretinopathy
		40.1	 Definition
		40.2	 Epidemiology
		40.3	 Etiology and Pathogenesis
		40.4	 Clinical Manifestations
		40.5	 Complications
		40.6	 Diagnosis
		40.7	 Differential Diagnosis
		40.8	 Treatment
		40.9	 Prognosis
		References
	41: Acute Posterior Multifocal Placoid Pigment Epitheliopathy
		41.1	 Definition
		41.2	 Epidemiology
		41.3	 Etiology and Pathogenesis
		41.4	 Clinical Manifestations
		41.5	 Diagnosis
		41.6	 Differential Diagnosis
		41.7	 Treatment
		41.8	 Prognosis
		References
	42: Multiple Evanescent White Dot Syndrome
		42.1	 Definition
		42.2	 Epidemiology
		42.3	 Etiology and Pathogenesis
		42.4	 Clinical Manifestations
		42.5	 Diagnosis
		42.6	 Differential Diagnosis
		42.7	 Treatment and Prognosis
		References
	43: Ocular Tuberculosis
		43.1	 Definition
		43.2	 Epidemiology
		43.3	 Etiology and Pathogenesis
		43.4	 Clinical Manifestations
		43.5	 Complications
		43.6	 Diagnosis
		43.7	 Differential Diagnosis
		43.8	 Treatment
		43.9	 Prognosis
		References
	44: Syphilitic Uveitis
		44.1	 Definition
		44.2	 Epidemiology
		44.3	 Etiology and Pathogenesis
		44.4	 Phasing of Syphilis
		44.5	 Ocular Manifestations
		44.6	 Complications
		44.7	 Diagnosis
		44.8	 Differential Diagnosis
		44.9	 Treatment
		44.10	 Prognosis
		References
	45: Ocular Toxoplasmosis
		45.1	 Definition
		45.2	 Epidemiology
		45.3	 Etiology and Pathogenesis
		45.4	 Systemic Manifestations
		45.5	 Ocular Manifestations
		45.6	 Manifestations in Immunocompromised Individuals
		45.7	 Complications
		45.8	 Diagnosis
		45.9	 Auxiliary Examinations
		45.10	 Differential Diagnosis
		45.11	 Treatment
		45.12	 Prognosis
		References
	46: Ocular Toxocariasis
		46.1	 Definition
		46.2	 Epidemiology
		46.3	 Etiology and Pathogenesis
		46.4	 Clinical Manifestations
		46.5	 Diagnosis
		46.6	 Treatment
		46.7	 Prognosis
		References
	47: Uveitis Associated with Human Immunodeficiency Virus
		47.1	 Definition
		47.2	 Epidemiology
		47.3	 Etiology and Pathogenesis
		47.4	 Systemic Manifestations
		47.5	 Ocular Disease
		47.6	 Diagnosis
		47.7	 Differential Diagnosis
		47.8	 Treatment
		References
	48: Cytomegalovirus Retinitis
		48.1	 Definition
		48.2	 Epidemiology
		48.3	 Etiology and Pathogenesis
		48.4	 Systemic Diseases
		48.5	 Ocular Manifestations
		48.6	 Diagnosis
		48.7	 Differential Diagnosis
		48.8	 Treatment
		48.9	 Prognosis
		References
	49: Acute Retinal Necrosis Syndrome
		49.1	 Definition
		49.2	 Epidemiology
		49.3	 Etiology and Pathogenesis
		49.4	 Clinical Manifestation
		49.5	 Complications
		49.6	 Diagnosis
		49.7	 Differential Diagnosis
		49.8	 Treatment
		49.9	 Prognosis
		References
	50: Masquerade Syndrome
		50.1	 Overview
		50.2	 Intraocular Lymphoma
			50.2.1	 Definition
			50.2.2	 Epidemiology
			50.2.3	 Clinical Manifestations
			50.2.4	 Diagnosis
			50.2.5	 Differential Diagnosis
			50.2.6	 Treatment
			50.2.7	 Prognosis
		50.3	 Retinoblastoma (Rb)
			50.3.1	 Definition
			50.3.2	 Epidemiology
			50.3.3	 Clinical Manifestations
			50.3.4	 Diagnosis
			50.3.5	 Differential Diagnosis
			50.3.6	 Treatment
			50.3.7	 Prognosis
		50.4	 Leukemia
			50.4.1	 Definition
			50.4.2	 Clinical Manifestations
			50.4.3	 Diagnosis
			50.4.4	 Treatment
		50.5	 Uveal Melanoma
		50.6	 Metastasis to the Eye
			50.6.1	 Definition
			50.6.2	 Epidemiology
			50.6.3	 Clinical Manifestations
			50.6.4	 Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis
			50.6.5	 Treatment
		References
	51: Scleritis
		51.1	 Definition
		51.2	 Epidemiology
		51.3	 Etiology and Pathogenesis
		51.4	 Anterior Scleritis
		51.5	 Posterior Scleritis
		51.6	 Panscleritis
		51.7	 Complications
		51.8	 Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis
		51.9	 Treatment
		51.10	 Prognosis
		References
	52: Episcleritis
		52.1	 Definition
		52.2	 Epidemiology
		52.3	 Etiology and Pathogenesis
		52.4	 Clinical Manifestations
		52.5	 Treatment
		52.6	 Prognosis
		References