Atlas of Sinonasal Tract Pathology

Preface
Acknowledgments
Contents
About the Editors
1: Anatomy and Histology of Sinonasal Tract
	1.1	 Introduction
	1.2	 Anatomy
	1.3	 Histology
	1.4	 Conclusion
	References
2: Radiology of Sinonasal Tract Lesions/Tumours
	2.1	 Introduction
	2.2	 Sinusitis
		2.2.1	 Chronic Sinusitis
		2.2.2	 Sequelae of Chronic Sinusitis
	2.3	 Fungal Disease
		2.3.1	 Non-invasive Forms
			2.3.1.1	 Allergic Fungal Sinusitis (AFS)
			2.3.1.2	 Fungal Ball (Mycetoma)
		2.3.2	 Invasive Forms
			2.3.2.1	 Acute Invasive Fungal Sinusitis
			2.3.2.2	 Chronic Invasive Fungal Sinusitis
	2.4	 Sinonasal Tumours
		2.4.1	 Squamous Cell Carcinoma
		2.4.2	 Adenocarcinoma
		2.4.3	 Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma
		2.4.4	 Sinonasal Neuroendocrine Carcinoma and Sinonasal Undifferentiated Carcinoma
		2.4.5	 Olfactory Neuroblastoma
		2.4.6	 Lymphomas
		2.4.7	 Rhabdomyosarcomas
	2.5	 Miscellaneous Entities
		2.5.1	 Sinonasal Tract Angiofibroma (STA)
		2.5.2	 Fibro-osseous Lesions
			2.5.2.1	 Fibrous Dysplasia (FD)
			2.5.2.2	 Ossifying Fibroma (OF)
	2.6	 Conclusion
	References
3: Endonasal and Open Approaches to Sinonasal Tumours
	3.1	 Introduction
	3.2	 Open Approaches to Paranasal Sinus and Anterior Skull Base
		3.2.1	 Soft Tissue Approaches
			3.2.1.1	 Sublabial Approach
			3.2.1.2	Lateral Rhinotomy:
		3.2.2	 Skeletal Approaches to Paranasal Sinus Pathologies
			3.2.2.1	 Maxillectomy
				Total Maxillectomy (Fig. 3.2)
				Radical Maxillectomy
				Rehabilitation Following Maxillectomy
			3.2.2.2	 Fronto-ethmoidectomy
			3.2.2.3	 Transmaxillary Approach
			3.2.2.4	 Maxillary Swing
			3.2.2.5	 Cranio-facial Resection (Fig. 3.6).
			3.2.2.6	 Transbasal Approach (Fig. 3.7).
			3.2.2.7	 Preauricular Subtemporal Approach (Fig. 3.8).
	3.3	 Endoscopic Endonasal Approach
	3.4	Conclusion
	References
4: Cytology of Sinonasal Tract Lesions/Tumors
	4.1	 Introduction
	4.2	 Reactive and Infectious Lesions
		4.2.1	 Infectious Lesions
			4.2.1.1	 Allergic Fungal Sinusitis
			4.2.1.2	 Sinus Mycetoma (Fungus Ball)
			4.2.1.3	 Invasive Fungal Sinusitis
			4.2.1.4	 Nasal Tuberculosis
			4.2.1.5	 Nasal Leprosy
			4.2.1.6	 Rhinoscleroma
			4.2.1.7	 Histoplasmosis
			4.2.1.8	 Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis
		4.2.2	 Reactive Lesions
			4.2.2.1	 Sarcoidosis
			4.2.2.2	 Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis
			4.2.2.3	 Sinus Histiocytosis with Massive Lymphadenopathy (Rosai–Dorfman Disease)
	4.3	 Other Nonneoplastic Lesions
		4.3.1	 Cystic Lesions
			4.3.1.1	Mucocele
			4.3.1.2	Dermoid Cyst
	4.4	 Epithelial Neoplasms
		4.4.1	 Benign and Low-Grade Epithelial Lesions
		4.4.2	 Malignant Epithelial Tumors
			4.4.2.1	 Squamous Cell Carcinoma
				Keratinizing Squamous Cell Carcinoma
				Non-keratinizing Squamous Cell Carcinoma
				Spindle Cell Carcinoma
				Lymphoepithelial Carcinoma
			4.4.2.2	 Non-SCC Basaloid/Round Cell Epithelial Tumors
				SMARCB1 (INI-1)-Deficient Sinonasal Carcinoma
				NUT Carcinoma
				Sinonasal Undifferentiated Carcinoma
			4.4.2.3	 Adenocarcinomas
				Intestinal-Type Sinonasal Adenocarcinoma
				Non-Intestinal Type Adenocarcinoma
			4.4.2.4	 Neuroendocrine Carcinomas
	4.5	 Salivary Gland-Type Tumors (for Details, See Chap. 9)
		4.5.1	 Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma
		4.5.2	 Pleomorphic Adenoma
	4.6	 Mesenchymal Neoplasms
	4.7	 Neuroectodermal and Melanocytic Neoplasms
		4.7.1	 Ewing Sarcoma
		4.7.2	 Olfactory Neuroblastoma
		4.7.3	 Mucosal Melanoma
	4.8	 Other Sinonasal Neoplasms
		4.8.1	 Sinonasal Ameloblastoma
		4.8.2	 Chordoma
	4.9	 Hematolymphoid Tumors
		4.9.1	 Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma
		4.9.2	 Extranodal NK/T-Cell Lymphoma, Nasal-Type
	4.10	 Conclusion
	References
5: Infective Pathology of the Sinonasal Tract
	5.1	 Introduction
	5.2	 Acute and Chronic Rhinosinusitis
	5.3	 Sinonasal Fungal Infections
		5.3.1	 Invasive Fungal Sinusitis
		5.3.2	 Sinonasal Mucormycosis
		5.3.3	 Entomophthoromycosis
		5.3.4	 Other Rare Fungal Infections
	5.4	 Sinonasal Bacterial Infections
		5.4.1	 Rhinoscleroma
		5.4.2	 Tuberculosis
		5.4.3	 Leprosy
		5.4.4	 Botryomycosis
		5.4.5	 Syphilis
	5.5	 Protozoal Parasites
		5.5.1	 Leishmaniasis
	5.6	 Rhinosporidiosis
	5.7	 Conclusion
	References
6: Tumor-Like Lesions of Sinonasal Tract
	6.1	 Introduction
	6.2	Sinonasal Cysts
	6.3	 Inflammatory Polyp
		6.3.1	 Antrochoanal Polyp
	6.4	 Sinonasal Hamartomas
	6.5	 Paranasal Sinus Mucocele
	6.6	 Necrotizing sialometaplasia
	6.7	 Organized Hematoma
	6.8	 Amyloidosis
	6.9	 Conclusion
	References
7: Benign Epithelial Tumors of Sinonasal Tract
	7.1	 Introduction
	7.2	 Clinical Features
	7.3	 Histopathology
	7.4	 Differential Diagnosis
	7.5	 Molecular Pathology
	7.6	 Dysplasia and Carcinoma Ex-Sinonasal Papilloma
	7.7	 Prognosis
	7.8	 Conclusion
	References
8: Malignant Epithelial Tumors of Sinonasal Tract
	8.1	 Introduction
	8.2	 Squamous Cell Carcinoma
	8.3	 Sinonasal Lymphoepithelial Carcinoma
	8.4	 NUT Carcinoma
	8.5	 HPV-Related Multiphenotypic Sinonasal Carcinoma (HMSC)
	8.6	 Adenocarcinoma
		8.6.1	 Intestinal-Type Adenocarcinomas (ITAC)
		8.6.2	 Non-intestinal-Type Adenocarcinomas
	8.7	 SWI/SNF Complex Deficient Sinonasal Carcinoma
		8.7.1	 SMARCB1 Deficient Sinonasal Carcinoma
		8.7.2	 SMARCA4 Deficient Sinonasal Carcinoma
	8.8	 Sinonasal Undifferentiated Carcinomas (SNUC)
	8.9	 Sinonasal Neuroendocrine Tumors
	8.10	 Conclusion
	References
9: Salivary Gland Tumors of the Sinonasal Tract
	9.1	 Introduction
	9.2	 Pleomorphic Adenoma
	9.3	 Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma
	9.4	 Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma
	9.5	 Others
		9.5.1	 Polymorphous Adenocarcinoma
		9.5.2	 Epithelial-Myoepithelial Carcinoma
		9.5.3	 Hyalinizing Clear Cell Carcinoma
		9.5.4	 Salivary Duct Carcinoma
	9.6	 Conclusion
	References
10: Benign and Borderline Sinonasal Mesenchymal Tumors
	10.1	Introduction
	10.2	 Benign Mesenchymal Tumors
		10.2.1	 Leiomyoma
		10.2.2	 Schwannoma
		10.2.3	 Neurofibroma
		10.2.4	 Lobular Capillary Hemangioma
		10.2.5	 Osteoma
		10.2.6	 Sinonasal Tract Angiofibroma
	10.3	 Borderline Mesenchymal Tumors
		10.3.1	 Desmoid-Type Fibromatoses
		10.3.2	 Sinonasal Glomangiopericytoma
		10.3.3	 Solitary Fibrous Tumor
	10.4	Conclusion
	References
11: Malignant Mesenchymal Tumors of Sinonasal Tract
	11.1	 Introduction
	11.2	 Biphenotypic Sinonasal Sarcoma
	11.3	 Chordoma
	11.4	 Phosphaturic Mesenchymal Tumor
	11.5	 Conclusion
	References
12: Hematolymphoid Tumors of the Sinonasal Tract
	12.1	 Introduction
	12.2	 Large Cell Size
		12.2.1	 Large B Cell Lymphomas
		12.2.2	 Plasmablastic Lymphoma
	12.3	 Medium-Sized Cells
		12.3.1	 Mature T Cell Lymphomas
		12.3.2	 Pleomorphic T Cell Lymphomas
	12.4	 Polymorphic Infiltrates
	12.5	 Histiocytic Lesions
	12.6	 Small Cells or Normal-Appearing Cells
		12.6.1	 Low Grade B Cell Lymphomas
	12.7	 Plasma Cell Neoplasms
	12.8	 Reactive/Inflammatory
	12.9	Conclusion
	References
13: Neuroectodermal and Melanocytic Tumors of the Sinonasal Tract
	13.1	 Introduction
	13.2	 Ewing Sarcoma
	13.3	 Adamantinoma-Like Ewing Sarcoma
	13.4	 Mucosal Melanoma
	13.5	 Olfactory neuroblastoma
	13.6	 Olfactory Carcinoma
	13.7	 Teratocarcinosarcoma
	13.8	 Conclusion
	References
14: Secondary/Metastatic Tumors of Sinonasal Tract
	14.1	 Introduction
	14.2	 Renal Cell Carcinoma
	14.3	 Lung Carcinoma
	14.4	 Breast Carcinoma
	14.5	 Thyroid Carcinoma
	14.6	 Colorectal Carcinoma
	14.7	 Hepatocellular Carcinoma
	14.8	 Germ Cell Tumors
	14.9	 Metastatic Melanoma
	14.10	 Conclusion
	References