Atlas of Head and Neck Ultrasound

Atlas of Head and Neck Ultrasound\nTitle Page\nCopyright\nPreface\nAcknowledgments\nContributors\nAbbreviations\nTable of Contents\nList of Videos\nMedia Center Information\nI General Considerations\n	1 Basic Principles of Ultrasound\n		Physical Principles of B-mode Ultrasound Scanning\n		Influence of the Ultrasound Frequency\n		Generation of Ultrasound\n			Piezoelectric Effect\n		Pulse-Echo Technique\n		Physical Laws of Sound Propagation\n			Spatial Resolution\n			Transmit Focusing\n		B-mode Image Acquisition; 2D Imaging\n		Postprocessing\n		Artifacts\n	2 Physical Principles of Doppler and Color Doppler Ultrasound\n		Doppler Effect\n		Doppler Techniques\n		Spectral Doppler Method: Pulsed-wave Doppler\n		Aliasing and Nyquist Frequency\n		Angle Correction and Accuracy of Angle Correction (Spectral Doppler)\n		Doppler Sampling Locations\n		Color-coded Duplex Sonography, Color Doppler\n		Power Doppler\n		Wall Filter\n		Aliasing with Color Doppler\n		Influence of Angle in Color Doppler\n		Spectral Doppler Parameters for Optimizing Spectral Doppler Recording\n			PRF (Pulse Repetition Frequency)\n			D-Gain (Gain for Spectral Doppler)\n			Wall Filter\n		Color Flow and Power Doppler Parameters\n			Optimal PRF (Pulse Repetition Frequency) Setting\n			Beam Steering of the Color Window\n			Color Gain\n			Wall Filter\n			Temporal Averaging\n			The Color Flow Line Density\n		Summary: Guide for Doppler Parameter Setting\n		Summary: Guide to Understanding an Ultrasound Image\n	3 Practical Tips on Ultrasound ExaminationTechnique\n		Resolution and Penetration\n		Sound Field Characteristics\n		Gain and Time Gain Compensation\n		Clinical Examination of Neck Levels\n			Level IA: Submental Group\n			Level IB: Submandibular Group\n			Levels IIA and IIB: Superior Jugular Group\n			Level III: Middle Jugular Group\n			Level IV: Lower Jugular Group\n			Levels VA and VB: Posterior Triangle Group\n			Level VI: Anterior Compartment Group\n		Examination Sequence\n	4 Documentation and Terminology\n		Standard Sonographic Descriptors\n			Localization\n			Structure (Echogenicity)\n			Shape\n			Contour\n			Margins\n			Distal Phenomena\n			Sonographic Palpation\nII Sonographic Anatomy and Pathology\n	5 Thyroid Gland\n		Topographic Anatomy\n		Ultrasound Examination\n			Normal Sonographic Findings\n			Ultrasound Pathology of Diffuse Thyroid Disease\n				Congenital Malformations\n				Goiter (Diffuse, Nodular)\n				Thyroiditis\n				The Thyroid Gland after Surgery\n		Thyroid Nodules\n			Cysts\n			Thyroid Nodules\n		Summary: Thyroid Gland\n		Parathyroid Glands\n		Bibliography\n	6 Neck Lymph Nodes\n		Anatomy\n		Classification of the Cervical Lymph Nodes\n			Size and Three-dimensional Proportions\n			Echogenic Hilum (“Hilar Sign”) and Perfusion Pattern\n			Lymph Node Shape\n			Lymph Node Borders\n			Homogeneity of the Intranodal Echotexture\n			Lymph Node Distribution\n		Inflammatory Changes\n			Acute and Chronic Lymphadenitis\n			Epstein–Barr Virus/Mononucleosis\n			Cervical Abscess\n			Mycobacteria other than Tuberculosis (MOTT)\n			Tuberculosis\n			Actinomycosis\n			Differential Diagnosis in Lymphadenopathy\n		Benign Tumors\n			Lipomas\n			Lymphangioma/Cystic Hygroma\n		Malignant Tumors and Metastases\n			Malignant Lymphomas\n			Sarcoma\n			Metastases\n			Melanoma Metastases\n			Cancer of Unknown Primary (CUP) Syndrome\n		Ultrasound in Oncological Follow-up\n			Regional Follow-up\n				Primary Tumor Resection without Neck Dissection\n				Primary Tumor Resection and Neck Dissection with/without Subsequent Radiotherapy\n				Primary Radiochemotherapy with/without Subsequent Neck Dissection\n		Ultrasound-guided Needle Biopsies\n			Ultrasound-guided Injection\n	7 Extracranial Nerves\n		Anatomy\n		Inflammatory Changes\n		Benign Tumors\n			Paragangliomas\n			Neuromas\n		Malignant Tumors\n	8 Floor of the Mouth and Oropharynx\n		Anatomy\n		Inflammatory Changes\n		Benign Tumors\n			Branchial Cysts\n				Infected Branchial Cysts\n		Thyroglossal Duct Cysts and Fistulas\n		Other Benign Tumors\n		Malignant Tumors\n	9 Salivary Glands\n		Anatomy\n			Parotid Gland\n			Submandibular Gland\n			Sublingual Gland\n		Inflammatory Changes\n			Acute Sialadenitis\n			Salivary Gland Abscess\n			Chronic Sialadenitis\n			Enlarged Lymph Nodes\n			Salivary Gland Cysts\n			Sialolithiasis and Obstructive Disease\n			Sialadenosis\n		Benign Tumors\n		Malignant Tumors\n	10 Facial Soft Tissues\n		Anatomy\n		Inflammatory Changes\n			Furuncles and Abscesses\n			Mastoiditis\n			Preauricular Sinus\n		Benign Tumors\n		Malignant Tumors\n	11 Paranasal Sinuses and Midface\n		Anatomy\n		Inflammatory Changes\n			Sinusitis\n		Benign Tumors\n		Malignant Tumors\n		Trauma\n	12 Larynx and Hypopharynx\n		Anatomy\n		Inflammatory Changes\n		Benign Tumors\n		Malignant Tumors\n	13 Extracranial vessels\n		Introduction\n		Anatomy\n		Carotid Arteries\n			Examination\n			Normal Imaging\n			Intima–Media Thickness\n			Atherosclerotic Disease\n				Plaque Imaging\n				Grade of Stenosis\n				Carotid Artery Occlusion\n				Carotid Aneurysm\n		Vertebral Arteries\n			Examination\n			Atherosclerotic Disease\n			Subclavian Steal Syndrome\n		Jugular Veins\n			Examination\n			Thrombosis\n		References\nIII Advanced Ultrasound Methods and Outlook\n	14 image Processing Methods\n		Panoramic Imaging\n		Harmonic Imaging; Tissue Harmonic Imaging\n			Broadband Harmonic Imaging, Phase Inversion Technique\n		Spatial Compounding\n		Three-dimensional Ultrasound Imaging: 3D Image, 4D Image\n		Ultrasound Contrast Enhancement\n		Elastography\n		Sonohistology\n		Outlook\nFurther Reading\nSubject index