Assisted Reproduction Techniques: Challenges and Management Options

Contributors xiii

Preface to the second edition xxviii

Preface to the first edition xxix

How to use this book xxx

Abbreviations xxxi

Section 1: Counseling and preparation 1

1 Risk of cancer from ovarian stimulation 3
Yadava Jeve

2 Risk of early menopause following IVF treatment 9
Sesh Kamal Sunkara

3 The HIV-positive female 12
Mark V. Sauer and Shelley Dolitsky

4 The HIV-positive male 19
Mark V. Sauer and Shelley Dolitsky

5 The hepatitis B or C carrier patient 26
Justin Chu

6 The patient with cystic fibrosis 32
Tarek El‐Toukhy

7 The patient on medication 37
Pedro Melo and Arri Coomarasamy

8 The patient with thrombophilia 48
Yorain Sri Ranjan and Ying C. Cheong

9 The patient with autoimmune disorders 56
Giulia Mariani and José Bellver

10 The patient with malignant disease: fertility preservation 61
Arri Coomarasamy and Manal Elgendy

11 The patient with heart disease 69
Anna S. Herrey and Catherine Nelson-Piercy

12 The patient with diabetes 75
Mohammed A. Khan, Neelam Potdar, and Justin C. Konje

13 The patient with thyroid disease 81
Shiao-yng Chan

14 The patient with hyperprolactinemia 89
John Ayuk

15 The patient with polycystic ovaries 96
Adam H. Balen

16 The renal transplant patient 103
Justin Chu and Lynne Robinson

17 The patient with previous pelvic irradiation 110
Vishvanath C. Karande

18 Female fertility after chemotherapy 116
Nivedita Reddy

19 The patient with abnormal cervical cytology 123
Martyn Underwood and William Rhys Parry-Smith

20 The patient with previous borderline ovarian tumor 127
Arri Coomarasamy, Kavita Singh, and Jennifer Tamblyn

21 The patient with an endometrioma 132
Spyros Chouliaras and Luciano G. Nardo

22 The patient with cervical stenosis 137
Khaldoun Sharif

23 Vaccination and ART 142
Arri Coomarasamy and Rima Dhillon-Smith

24 The patient with hydrosalpinx 147
Annika Strandell

25 The patient with hydrosalpinx and contraindication to laparoscopy 153
Basim Abu-Rafea

26 The patient with reduced ovarian reserve 159
Scott M. Nelson

27 The patient with congenital uterine anomalies 166
Rima Dhillon-Smith and Pallavi Latthe

28 The patient with congenital cervico-vaginal anomalies 171
Rima Dhillon-Smith and Pallavi Latthe

29 The patient with uterine fibroids 176
Kugajeevan Vigneswaran and Haitham Hamoda

30 The patient with adenomyosis 182
Andreas Athanasakis and Arri Coomarasamy

31 The patient with previous Essure® sterilization 187
T. Justin Clark

32 The patient with previous endometrial ablation 192
T. Justin Clark

33 The couple with recurrent implantation failure 200
Lukasz Polanski and Yakoub Khalaf

34 The patient with previous uterine artery embolization 207
Kugajeevan Vigneswaran and Haitham Hamoda

35 The patient with endometrial polyp 212
Arri Coomarasamy and Laurentiu Craciunas

36 The obese female patient 217
Mostafa Metwally and Bolarinde Ola

37 The patient with Asherman syndrome 223
Alessandro Conforti, Giuseppe Iorio, and Carlo Alviggi

38 The older patient 228
Giselle Crawford and William Ledger

39 Requests for mild or natural cycle IVF treatment 234
Brad B. Swelstad and Suheil J. Muasher

40 The patient with psychosexual problems 239
Penny Goold and Elizabeth Howland

41 The patient needing third-party reproduction 246
Imad Aboujaoude and Teddy Tadros

42 Social oocyte freezing 252
Valerie L. Peddie and Smriti Ray Chaudhuri Bhatta

43 The male and female patients following bariatric surgery 258
Zaher Merhi and Ali Ahmed Bazzi

44 Endometrial receptivity testing 265
Laurentiu Craciunas and Arri Coomarasamy

Section 2: Pituitary suppression and ovarian stimulation phase 271

45 Poor response during ovarian stimulation 273
Pedro Melo, Lynne Robinson, and Arri Coomarasamy

46 Ovarian stimulation for IVF in a patient at high risk of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome 279
Khaldoun Sharif and Ahmed G. Serour

47 Unable to achieve pituitary down-regulation 284
K. Jayaprakasan and Nicholas Raine-Fenning

48 The patient discovered pregnant during pituitary down-regulation 291
Mohammed Khairy Mahmoud and Arri Coomarasamy

49 Ovarian cysts following pituitary down-regulation 296
Alison Taylor

50 Missed IVF medications 302
Pedro Melo, Lynne Robinson, and Arri Coomarasamy

51 The ART patient with a history of estrogen-receptor
positive cancer 309

Murat Sönmezer and Volkan Turan
52 The patient over-responding to controlled ovarian stimulation during IVF 315
Khaldoun Sharif

Section 3: Oocyte retrieval 323

53 General anesthesia or sedation for oocyte retrieval? 325
Claire Scanlon and David Green

54 Delayed oocyte retrieval 331
Khaldoun Sharif

55 Empty follicle syndrome 337
Aboubakr Mohamed Elnashar

56 Bleeding following oocyte retrieval 344
Annika K. Ludwig and Barbara Sonntag

57 To flush or not to flush follicles at oocyte retrieval 351
Anne E. Martini and Micah J. Hill

58 Inaccessible ovaries at oocyte retrieval 358
Aboubakr Mohamed Elnashar

59 Endometriotic cysts at oocyte retrieval 363
Graciela Kohls Ilgner and Juan Antonio García-Velasco

60 Inadvertent injury during oocyte retrieval 369
Khaldoun Sharif

61 Dealing with equipment failure during oocyte retrieval 377
Isla Robertson and Ying C. Cheong

Section 4: Embryo transfer 381

62 How many embryos to transfer? 383
Ellen Armstrong and Arri Coomarasamy

63 Poor endometrial development in ART 390
Jyotsna Pundir and Arri Coomarasamy

64 Endometrial cavity fluid identified during IVF treatment 400
Arri Coomarasamy and Yealin Chung

65 Difficult embryo transfer 404
Khaldoun Sharif

66 Excess cervical mucus and retained embryos at embryo transfer 413
Hassan N. Sallam, Ahmed F. Galal, and Fady S. Moeity

67 Life after embryo transfer 419
Kelton Tremellen

Section 5: The luteal phase 427

68 Vaginal bleeding in the luteal phase after IVF 429
Carol Coughlan and Bolarinde Ola

69 Pelvic infection after IVF 435
Muhammad Faisal Aslam and Ali Ahmad Bazzi

70 The patient presenting with ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome 440
Khaldoun Sharif and Dania Al‐Ramahi

71 Adnexal torsion after IVF 447
Jenna Turocy and Beth W. Rackow

72 Exposure to infection in the luteal phase of IVF 453
Pedro Melo and Arri Coomarasamy

Section 6: The ART laboratory 465

73 Total failure of fertilization after conventional IVF – rescue ICSI 467
A. Albert Yuzpe

74 Couples not wishing to create surplus embryos in IVF 473
Hossam Mohamed

75 Routine preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy 478
Lukasz Polanski and Yakoub Khalaf

76 Choosing an embryo for transfer 484
Peter Kovacs and Szabolcs Matyas

77 Globozoospermia 492
Odai A. M. Alqawasmeh and Christopher L. R. Barratt

78 Total failure of fertilization after ICSI 498
Kaoru Yanagida

79 Refreezing of embryos 503
Jerome H. Check and Donna Summers

80 Infection in embryo culture medium 509
Alison Campbell and Louise Best

81 ICSI or IVF for nonmale-factor infertility? 515
Samuel Dobson and Bolarinde Ola

82 Cryostorage failure in ART 522
Christopher P. Moutos, Angela H. Liu, and John Y. Phelps

83 The ART program during a disaster 527
Richard P. Dickey and Carla Ball White

84 Using the wrong sperm or embryos in IVF 533
Khaldoun Sharif and Majd M. Ezal‐Deen

Section 7: The male patient 539

85 Unexpected inability to produce a semen sample on the day of oocyte retrieval 541
Khaldoun Sharif, Majd M. Ezal‐Deen, and Gyath Karadsheh

86 The azoospermic patient 545
Khaldoun Sharif and Ali Al-Rawahneh

87 ART in men with Klinefelter syndrome 553
Medhat Amer and Emad Fakhry

88 ART in men with 100% immotile sperm 559
Jose Vázquez Núñez, Juan José Artazkoz Marques de Oliveira, Patricia Hernández Delgado, Ayrton Artazkoz Marques de Oliveira, and Neuda Marques de Oliveira

89 Request for posthumous fatherhood with perimortem surgical sperm retrieval 565
Mahmoud Mima, Samuel J. Ohlander, Rodrigo L. Pagani, Heather E. Ross, and Lawrence S. Ross

90 Retrograde ejaculation and anejaculation 575
Hussain M. Alnajjar and Asif Muneer

91 Sperm retrieval in cancerous testes 580
Wael Almajed, Saad Aldousari, and Armand Zini

92 Leukocytospermia and ART 584
Giuseppe Ricci

93 The infertile male patient with a genetic cause 589
Marlon P. Martinez and Ashok Agarwal

94 Y chromosome microdeletions and ART 598
Sherman J. Silber and Sierra Goldsmith

95 DNA fragmentation, antioxidants and ART 606
Sarah J. Martins da Silva

Section 8: The ART pregnancy 613

96 Unexpected number or sex of babies after IVF 615
Majd M. Ezal-Deen, Mohamad Bani-Domi, and Omar Sharif

97 Suspected ectopic pregnancy after IVF 620
Vishvanath C. Karande, Liselotte Mettler,, and Ibrahim Alkatout

98 Cervical ectopic pregnancy after IVF 626
Usha Verma and Sabrina Pastor-Carvajal

99 Heterotopic pregnancy after IVF 632
Abdel‐Maguid Ramzy

100 Multifetal pregnancy reduction after IVF 638
Omar Taso and Maher Maaita

101 Multiple pregnancy after IVF: how to reduce preterm delivery 644
Shawqi Saleh and Maysa Khadra

102 Hyperreactio luteinalis after IVF 650
Muataz Al-Ramahi and Omar Sharif

103 Lactation by a commissioning mother in surrogacy 654
Pavithra Rao and Frank P. Biervliet

104 Children of ART 658
Defne Saatci and Alastair G. Sutcliffe

Section 9: General and organizational issues 665

105 Managing physical symptoms during IVF 667
Chiara Achilli and Jyotsna Pundir

106 IVF when the prognosis is very poor or futile 673
Khaldoun Sharif

107 Dealing with the emotional distress following failed IVF 678
Sarah R. Holley, Lauri A. Pasch, and Alice D. Domar

108 Couple splitting while embryos are in storage 684
Masoud Afnan

109 Unexpected drop in the IVF clinic pregnancy rate 690
Bulent Urman and Kayhan Yakin

110 Natural fertility after IVF 696
Frank Nawroth and Annika K. Ludwig

111 Training in ART 699
Ryan J. Heitmann

112 Keeping up to date in ART practice 706
Bassel H. Al-Wattar and Khalid S. Khan

113 Cross-border reproductive care 714
Mahmoud Salama, Lynn M. Westphal, Marcia C. Inhorn, and Pasquale Patrizio

114 Satellite and transport ART treatment 720
M. F. González Echeverría and J. A. Blaquier

115 Social media use in ART 725
Natalie M. Crawford, Roohi Jeelani, Lora K. Shahine, and Kenan Omurtag

116 Managing an ART unit as a profitable business 733
Michael H. Fakih, Ahmad Fakih, and Amanda Fakih

Index 739