Assessing the Environmental Impact of Textiles and the Clothing Supply Chain

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The Textile Institute Book Series
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Assessing the Environmental Impact of Textiles and the Clothing Supply ChainThe Textile Institute Book SeriesSecond Edition ...
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1. Introduction to sustainability and the textile supply chain and its environmental impact
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Environmental sustainability
	1.3 Social sustainability
	1.4 Economic sustainability
	1.5 The textile supply chain: an overview
	1.6 The production of natural fibres
		1.6.1 Cotton: conventional and organic
		1.6.2 Hemp and flax
		1.6.3 Wool and silk
	1.7 The production of synthetic fibres
		1.7.1 Polyester
		1.7.2 Nylon
		1.7.3 Polyolefins
		1.7.4 Acrylic
		1.7.5 Viscose rayon
	1.8 Spinning
	1.9 Fabric manufacture
	1.10 Finishing processes
	1.11 Apparel manufacture
	1.12 Distribution and retail
	1.13 Usage and disposal
	1.14 Summary: key challenges in assessing and reducing environmental impacts
	1.15 Sources of further information and advice
	11.16 References
2. Ways of measuring the environmental impact of textile processing: an overview
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Ways of measuring the environmental impacts of textile processing and textile products
		Life cycle thinking
		Life cycle management
		Design for the environment
		Cleaner technology
		Eco-efficiency
		Industrial ecology
		Life cycle assessment
		Material flow analysis/substance flow analysis
		Material intensity per service unit
		2.2.1 Product sustainability life cycle assessment: a brief introduction
		2.2.2 Product sustainability: product carbon and ecological footprints
		2.2.3 Manufacturing sustainability
	2.3 Environmental legislation relating to textiles
		2.3.1 Legislation in Europe
			Integrated pollution prevention and control
			Emission trading system
			Regulation on registration, evaluation, authorization and restriction of chemicals
			Other directives with relevance to the sector
				Criteria for textile fibres
				Criteria for manufacturing (processes and chemicals)
				Fitness for use
		2.3.2 Legislation in the United States
			The clean air act
			The clean water act
			The toxic substances control act
	2.4 Current environmental standards and schemes in the industry
		2.4.1 Global organic textile standard
		2.4.2 Bluesign
		2.4.3 Oeko-Tex standards
		2.4.4 Eco-labels
	2.5 Summary: key methods reviewed in this book
	2.6 Sources of further information and advice
	2.7 References
3. Textile processing and greenhouse gas emissions: methods for calculating the product carbon footprint of textile products
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 The main principles of carbon footprint measurement
		3.2.1 Global warming potential
		3.2.2 The concept of carbon footprint
		3.2.3 Significance of carbon footprint assessment
		3.2.4 Product carbon footprint
	3.3 Carbon footprint assessment methodology
	3.4 Applications of product carbon footprint assessment to key stages in the supply chain
	3.5 Application of product carbon footprint assessment in textiles
		3.5.1 Carbon footprint of a textile product
		3.5.2 Carbon footprint of textile raw materials
		3.5.3 Carbon footprint of textile manufacturing processes
		3.5.4 Carbon footprint of transportation and distribution phases
		3.5.5 Carbon footprint of consumer use and disposal phases
	3.6 Summary: key challenges in calculating the product carbon footprint in textiles
	3.7 Sources of further information and advice
	3.8 References
4. Calculating the water and energy footprints of textile products
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Water footprints: an introduction
	4.3 Methods for assessing water footprints
	4.4 Applications of water footprint assessment to key stages in the textile supply chain
	4.5 Energy footprints: introduction and methods of assessment
	4.6 Applications of energy footprint assessment to key stages in the textile supply chain
		4.6.1 Energy consumption in fibre manufacture
		4.6.2 Energy consumption in spinning, weaving and wet processes
	4.7 Summary: key challenges in calculating water and energy footprints
	4.8 Sources of further information and advice
	4.9 References
5. Textile processing and resource depletion: calculating the ecological footprint of textile products
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Main principles and methods
		5.2.1 Ecological footprint accounting of products and processes
	5.3 Application to key stages in the supply chain
	5.4 Summary: key challenges in calculating ecological footprints in textiles
	5.5 Sources of further information and advice
	5.6 References
6. Estimating the overall environmental impact of textile processing: life cycle assessment of textile products
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 History of life cycle assessment
	6.3 Basic principles of life cycle assessment
	6.4 Life cycle assessment goal and scope definition
	6.5 Life cycle inventory analysis
	6.6 Life cycle impact assessment
		6.6.1 Mandatory elements of life cycle impact assessment: definition and classification of impact categories
		6.6.2 Mandatory elements of life cycle impact assessment: characterization
		6.6.3 Optional elements of life cycle impact assessment: normalization
		6.6.4 Optional elements of life cycle impact assessment: grouping
		6.6.5 Optional elements of life cycle impact assessment: weighing
	6.7 Life cycle interpretation
	6.8 Standards for life cycle assessment
	6.9 Different life cycle assessment methods
		6.9.1 Attributional and consequential life cycle assessment
		6.9.2 Screening and detailed life cycle assessment
	6.10 Different life cycle impact assessment methods
		6.10.1 Eco-indicator'99 method
			6.10.1.1 Characterization
				6.10.1.1.1 Emissions
				6.10.1.1.2 Land use
				6.10.1.1.3 Resource depletion
			6.10.1.2 Dealing with uncertainties
			6.10.1.3 Normalization and weighing
		6.10.2 Institute of Environmental Sciences (CML), Leiden University, 2001 method
			6.10.2.1 Characterization
			6.10.2.2 Normalization and weighing
		6.10.3 The Recipe method
		6.10.4 Single indicator methods such as ecological and carbon footprints
		6.10.5 International Reference Life Cycle Data System method
		6.10.6 USEtox
	6.11 Tools for the calculation of life cycle assessment studies
	6.12 Advantages and limitations of life cycle assessment
	6.13 Summary
	6.14 Sources of further information and advice
	6.15 References
7. Life cycle assessment and product carbon footprint modelling of textile products
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Modelling for product carbon footprint and life cycle assessment of textile products
	7.3 Available databases for life cycle assessment and product carbon footprint modelling of textiles and the clothing supply chain
	7.4 Key issues in using databases
	7.5 Difficulties in modelling and simulation
	7.6 Summary
	7.7 Sources of further information and advice
	7.8 References
8. End-of-life management of textile products
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 End-of-life product management options
	8.3 Reuse of textile products
	8.4 Recycling of textile products
		8.4.1 Challenges for recycling of textile products
		8.4.2 Recyclability of textile fibres: the concept and quantification of recyclability potential index
	8.5 Incineration and landfilling of textile products
	8.6 Biodegradation of textile products
	8.7 Summary
	8.8 Sources of further information and advice
	8.9 References
9. Measuring the environmental impact of textiles in practice: calculating the product carbon footprint and life cycle assessm ...
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Cotton clothing: life cycle assessment studies of T-shirts
		9.2.1 Carbon footprint of a T-shirt manufactured in India, used and disposed of in the United Kingdom
		9.2.2 Comparative life cycle assessment of a 100% Australian cotton T-shirt and a polyester T-shirt
		9.2.3 Carbon footprint of a 100% organic cotton T-shirt manufactured in India
		9.2.4 Study of life cycle inventory (quantification of energy use and four major pollutants) of a cotton T-shirt produced in Indi ...
	9.3 Cotton clothing: life cycle assessment studies of jeans
		9.3.1 Study by Levi Strauss & Co
		9.3.2 Environmental product declaration of jeans
	9.4 Woollen clothing: life cycle assessment study of a sweater
	9.5 Synthetic clothing: life cycle assessment studies of polyester garments
		9.5.1 Life cycle assessment of a polyester blouse
		9.5.2 Study of the life cycle inventory (quantification of energy use and four major pollutants) of a polyester jacket produced i ...
	9.6 Linen textiles: life cycle assessment of a linen shirt
	9.7 Technical textiles: life cycle assessment studies of medical textile products
		9.7.1 Whole life cycle inventory of medical gowns
		9.7.2 Life cycle assessment of surgical scrub suits
	9.8 Non-wovens: life cycle assessment studies of nappies (diapers)
		9.8.1 Life cycle assessment of reusable and disposable nappies
		9.8.2 Carbon footprint and eco-footprint of adult incontinence products
	9.9 Recent life cycle assessment case studies
		9.9.1 Life cycle assessment benchmarking study on five types of textiles
		9.9.2 Life cycle assessment of cotton T-shirts in China
	9.10 Summary
	9.11 Sources of further information and advice
	9.12 References
10. Assessing the environmental impact of textiles: summary and conclusions
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Which assessment methods to use and when
	10.3 Current problems in environmental assessment
	10.4 Future trends
	10.5 Sources of further information and advice
	10.6 References
Index
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