Assessing the Antarctic Environment from a Climate Change Perspective: An Integrated Approach

Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgements
Dedication
Contents
Editors and Contributors
Geopolitics, Environmental Change and Antarctic Governance: A Region in Need of a Transformative Approach to Science Diplomacy
	1 Introduction
	2 Science Diplomacy in the Antarctic
	3 The Antarctic Treaty System and Its Future
	4 Climate Change and Changing Geopolitics in the Antarctic
	5 The Road Ahead: Science Diplomacy and a Transformative Approach
	References
Impact of Antarctic Science on Climate Change Research: Global Research Landscape
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
	3 Conclusions
	References
Climate Change Over the Antarctic and the Southern Ocean and Its Impact and Bearing on the Global Climate System
	1 Introduction
	2 Changes in Southern Hemisphere Climate
		2.1 The Southern Annular Mode
		2.2 Positive Southern Annular Mode
		2.3 Negative Southern Annular Mode
	3 Conclusions
	References
Cenozoic Evolution of Antarctic Ice Sheet, Circum Antarctic Circulation and Antarctic Climate: Evidence from Marine Sedimentary Records
	1 Introduction
	2 Pre-Cenozoic Paleopositions of Antarctica
		2.1 Antarctica in Vaalbara and Ur: (3.6–2.803 Ga)
		2.2 Antarctica in Kenorland (2.72–2.1 Ga).
		2.3 Antarctica in Columbia (Nuna) and Rodinia ((1.071–0.75 Ga)
		2.4 Antarctica in Pangaea
	3 Reaching the South Pole
	4 Initiation of Antarctic Ice Sheet—Understanding in the Huttonian Way
	5 The Earliest Evidence of Antarctic Ice Sheet—The Ice Rafted Debris
	6 Causative factors for the Antarctic glaciations:
		6.1 Opening of the Ocean Gateways and Development of Circum Antarctic Current
		6.2 Carbon Dioxide Concentrations
	7 Oxygen Isotope Studies from Marine Sediments
		7.1 Mid Paleocene-Early Eocene: Was Warming a Precursor to Antarctic Ice Sheet Formation?
		7.2 Post-Eocene Climate
	8 Conclusions
	9 Future Scope
	References
Dronning Maud Land (Antarctica) and Reconstruction of Its Glacial History with Cosmogenic Radionuclides
	1 Introduction
		1.1 History of Antarctica Glaciation
		1.2 Present-Day Scenario of Antarctica Ice Sheet
		1.3 Glacial History: Evidence from Ice Cores
	2 Dronning Maud Land (DML)
		2.1 Applications of Cosmogenic Radionuclides (CRN)
		2.2 Measurement of CRNs
	3 Glacial History of Dronning Maud Land (DML)
		3.1 Holocene Period
		3.2 LGM and Post LGM
		3.3 Pre LGM
	4 Melt Water Pulse (MWP)
	5 Marine Isotope Records
	6 Summary
	References
Late Quaternary Climate Change in Schirmacher Region, East Antarctica: As Revealed from Terrestrial Diamicts and Lacustrine Sediments
	1 Introduction
	2 General Geology of Schirmacher Oasis
	3 Methodology
	4 Results
	References
A Review of the paleoclimatic Studies from Lake Sediments of Schirmacher Oasis, East Antarctica
	1 Introduction
	2 The Geographical Extent of Schirmacher Oasis
	3 Geology
	4 Glaciology
	5 A Review of the Paleoclimatic Reconstructions at Schirmacher Oasis
		5.1 Pleistocene Paleoclimatic Record
		5.2 Holocene Paleoclimatic Evidence
		5.3 A Case Study from Schirmacher Oasis (SO)
	6 Conclusions and Recommendations
	References
A Synthesis of Glacial-Interglacial Paleoenvironmental Records from Lake Sediments of Schirmacher Oasis, East Antarctica
	1 Introduction
	2 Organic Geochemistry and Variations in Productivity
	3 Grain Size Variation and Climate Change
	4 Magnetic Mineral Records of Glacial-Interglacial Climatic Changes
	5 Petrographic Studies
	6 Scope for Future Work
	References
Nutrient Cycling and Productivity in Antarctic Lakes
	1 Introduction
	2 Nutrient Cycling in Lakes
	3 Materials and Methodology
		3.1 Study Area and Sample Collection
		3.2 Sample Analysis
	4 Source of Sedimentary Organic Matter in Lacustrine Sediments
		4.1 Nutrient Limitations in Lakes
	5 Factors Affecting Nutrient Concentrations and Primary Productivity
	6 Conclusions
	References
Chemical and Isotopic Characterization of Lakes in the Larsemann Hills, East Antarctica
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Hydrochemical Composition of the Lakes
		3.2 Major Hydrochemical Interactions
		3.3 Isotopic Characterization of Lakes of Larsemann Hills
		3.4 δ18O-δD Covariance in the Lake Water
	4 Conclusions
	References
Effect of Ionosphere Scintillations on the Loss of Lock-In GPS Signals at Antarctica Region
	1 Introduction
	2 Datasets and Methodology
	3 Results
		3.1 15th December 2006
		3.2 Average VTEC (15 Min) 15 Dec 2006
		3.3 15 Dec, 2006 (All PRN)
		3.4 14th December 2006
		3.5 Average VTEC (15 Min) 14 Dec 2006
		3.6 12th December, 2006
		3.7 06th December 2006
		3.8 PRN No. and C/No. (dB) for 07-Dec-2006 (All PRN)
	4 Conclusions and Discussion
	References
Study of Positional Error on Ionospheric Scintillation Over Antarctic Region and Loss due to Locking of GPS signal
	1 Introduction
	2 Position Accuracy and Precision
	3 Circular Error Probability (CEP)
	4 Data Procurement and Methodology
	5 Results and Discussion
		5.1 15th December 2006 Storm
		5.2 The 14th of December 2006 Storm
		5.3 The 12th of December 2006 Storm
		5.4 The 07th of December 2006 Storm
	6 Conclusions
	References
Climate Change and Seabirds: Insights from Ecological Monitoring of Snow Petrels in the Indian Antarctic Program
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Seabirds as Indicators of Environmental Change
		1.2 Long-Term Monitoring of Antarctic Seabirds in Indian Antarctic Program
		1.3 Nesting Ecology of Snow Petrel (Pagodroma nivea)
	2 Methods
		2.1 Study Areas
		2.2 Field Sampling
		2.3 Nest Monitoring
	3 Results
		3.1 Nest Cavity Characteristics
		3.2 Breeding Success
		3.3 Breeding Phenology
	4 Discussion
	References
Antarctic Lichen Response to Climate Change: Evidence from Natural Gradients and Temperature Enchantment Experiments
	1 Introduction
	2 Gradient Studies
	3 Experimental Manipulation Studies
	4 Discussion and Conclusions
	References
Higher Rate of Pigment Synthesis in Antarctic Plants: A Strategy of Survival Under UV Radiations
	1 Introduction
	2 Bio-Geographic Zones of Antarctica and Biodiversity
	3 Antarctic Terrestrial Plants and Their Pigments
	4 Pigments in Cryptogamic Plants Growing in Other Regions Than Antarctica
	5 Conclusions
	References
Geoscience Studies in Antarctica by CSIR-National Geophysical Research Institute, Hyderabad
	1 Introduction
	2 Geological Studies
	3 Geophysical Studies
		3.1 Gravity Measurements
		3.2 Magnetotelluric Studies
	4 Seismological Studies
	5 Geodetic Studies
	6 Future Work
	7 Conclusions
	References
Seismo-Geophysical Studies in the Antarctic Region: Geodynamical Implications
	1 Introduction
	2 Geo-Environmental Setup and Tectonics of Antarctica
	3 Seismic Potential of the Antarctic and Adjoining Regions
		3.1 Seismic Network and Seismic Noise
		3.2 Seismicity Beneath Antarctic Continent
		3.3 Seismicity of Southern Ocean
		3.4 Seismicity of Continental Margin
		3.5 Seismicity of Lützow-Holm Bay
	4 Seismological Studies in the Antarctic Region and Geodynamical Implications
	5 Structures of Lithosphere and Near the Inner Core Boundary
	6 Geodynamics of the West Antarctic Rift System (Past and Present)
	7 Geophysical Studies in Antarctic Region
	8 Conclusions
	References
Revealing the Contemporary Kinematics of Antarctic Plate Using GPS and GRACE Data
	1 Introduction
	2 Data and Analysis
		2.1 GPS Network and Data
		2.2 Common Mode Errors
		2.3 GRACE Data
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 GPS-Derived Crustal  Motions
		3.2 Elastic Deformation
		3.3 Elastically-Corrected Deformation
		3.4 Validation with GIA Model
	4 Conclusions
	References