Asian Countries and the Arctic Future

Contents
List of Tables and Box
List of Figures
List of Abbreviations
About the Editors
About the Contributors
Introduction
Introduction: Nordic Perspectives on Asia’s Arctic Interests
Part 1 Governance and Cooperation
	Chapter 1 Adaptive Governance for a Changing Arctic
		The changing Arctic
		An Arctic governance mosaic
		Integration and adaptive capacity
		Implications for China and other non-Arctic states
		A concluding thought
		References
	Chapter 2 The Arctic Governance and the Interactions between Arctic and Non-Arctic Countries
		Regional public goods bearing on performance of Arctic governance
		The Arctic Council and the member countries’ tactics of incorporating extra-regional factors
			Arctic governance: Exclusiveness and inclusiveness
			Tactics and diplomatic practices of the Arctic countries
		The significance and responsibility of non-Arctic countries’ participation in the Arctic affairs
			Extra-regional participation: Beneficial for improving the governance system and realizing goals of governance
			How do non-Arctic countries substantiate their self-interest and bear their responsibility?
		References
	Chapter 3 Can Asian Involvement Strengthen Arctic Governance?
		Arctic stakes of Asian states
		Arctic sovereign rights
		The Arctic Council and the indigenous voice
		Asian involvement and Arctic governance
		Conclusions
		References
	Chapter 4 High North: High Politics or Low Tension? Cooperation and Conflict in the Arctic
		Analyzing cooperation and conflict
		Russia in the Arctic
		China in the Arctic
		The United States in the Arctic
		Norway in the Arctic
		Concluding observations
		References
	Chapter 5 Analysis of International Arctic Cooperation Mechanisms among the Nordic Countries
		The Nordic countries’ Arctic cooperation mechanisms of the on non-traditional security issues
			The Arctic Council
			The Nordic Council of Ministers
			The Barents Euro-Arctic Council
			The EU’s Northern Policy and Arctic Policy framework
		The integration efforts of the Nordic countries towards traditional security issues in the Arctic
			NATO-involvement in Arctic affairs
			The attempt to integrate Nordic security and defense
		Concluding remarks: Lessons for Asian newcomers
		References
Part 2 Economic Development
	Chapter 6 International Use of the Northern Sea Route — Trends and Prospects
		Yamal LNG
		Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 7 A Comparative Study of the Administration of the Canadian Northwest Passageand the Russian Northern Sea Route
		The current status of the Northwest Passage and the Northern Sea Route
			Why the Arctic Passage matters
			Conditions for commercial shipping
		Comparative study of the Canadian and Russian Arctic sea route administrations
			Sovereignty claims over the Arctic Passage
			Trade-offs between economic interests and sovereignty claims to the Arctic Passage
			Arctic seaways navigation prospects from the Canadian and Russian perspective
			Arctic seaways navigation prospects from the Canadian and Russian perspective
			Canada and Russia’s waterways administration from a military-strategic perspective
			The Environmental perspective of Canadian and Russian administration of the Arctic Passage
		Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 8 Governance and Ownership of the Arctic Ocean: Living Resources and the Continental Shelf
		Research questions, method and structure of article
		The basic legal framework
		Empirical investigation
			Case 1: The delimitation of the extended continental shelves
			Case 2: The management of living resources in the high seas of the Arctic Ocean
		Discussion and implications for Asia
		References
	Chapter 9 Arctic Mining: Asian Interests and Opportunities
		Demand: Asian mineral import and FDIs
		Supply: Arctic mineral production
		Is there an Asian interest for mining in the Arctic?
		Factors influencing future opportunities
		Concluding remarks: More to come?
		References
Part 3 Asia in the Arctic
	Chapter 10 Japan’s Arctic Policy Development: From Engagement to a Strategy
		The period of individual projects: Activities in the Arctic until the 1990s3
			The Svalbard Treaty
			Arctic research and observation
			International Northern Sea Route Program (INSROP)
			Kalaallit Nunaat Marine Seismic (KANUMAS) project
		The aspects of Arctic policy of Japan after the millennium
			Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT)
			Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MoFA)
			Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport (MLIT)
			Headquarters for Ocean Policy at the Prime Minister’s Office
			Ministry of Economy, Trade, and Industry (METI)
		Advancement and prospects of Japan’s Arctic policy
		References
	Chapter 11 India’s Arctic Attention
		Asia and the Arctic
		India and the Arctic
		India’s Arctic attention
		India’s policy in the Arctic
		Arctic and Asia: A scientific enterprise
		Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 12 Asian Economic Interests in the Arctic — Singapore’s Perspective
		Economic implications of a melting Arctic
		Singapore benefits from East Asia’s economic boom
		Will new sea routes via the Arctic affect Singapore’s relevance?
		Singapore’s interest in joining Arctic development
		Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 13 Changes in the Arctic and China’s Participation in Arctic Governance
		The rapidly evolving Arctic
		Multi-level Arctic governance and international cooperation
		China’s interests in the Arctic and its course of participation in Arctic governance
		The Chinese government’s stance and attitude towards Arctic governance
		Arctic governance and the responsibilities of China as a great power
		References
	Chapter 14 The Cooperation and Competition between China, Japan, and South Korea in the Arctic
		China, Japan, and South Korea’s present involvement in Arctic affairs
			The Arctic policies of China, Japan, and South Korea
			The current status of China, Japan, and South Korea’s Arctic affairs’ affiliations
			Lessons from economic cooperation
			Asian bilateral and trilateral cooperation on Arctic issues
		Features of Arctic governance influential on the Asian countries
		Room for increased cooperation between China, Japan, and South Korea’s on Arctic issues
			The necessity to strengthen Arctic-affairs cooperation between China, Japan, and South Korea
			Complementary factors promising for increased trilateral cooperation
		Recommendations for the participation of China, Japan, and South Korea in Arctic affairs
			Principles influencing China, Japan, and South Korea’s Arctic-affairs involvement
			Specific recommendations for China, Japan, and South Korea’s involvement in Arctic affairs
		References
	Chapter 15 Findings and Challenges of the North Pacific Arctic Conference
		Findings
		New initiatives
		Future challenges
		References
	Chapter 16 The Future of the Arctic and the Asian Countries: Concluding Remarks
		Governance
		Economic opportunities
		Asian countries
		A future of conflict or cooperation?
		References
Index