Artillery in the Era of the Crusades: Siege Warfare and the Development of Trebuchet Technology

Contents
Foreword
List of Illustrations
Abbreviations
Names
Weights and Measures
Regional Maps
Introduction
Chapter 1
	Background
			Classical Artillery
			Terminological Issues
			Early Traction Trebuchets in the Near and Middle East
				Early Byzantine Trebuchets
				Early Muslim Trebuchets
				Later Byzantine and Muslim Artillery
			Early Traction Trebuchets in Europe
			Appearance of the Counterweight Trebuchet
				Origin of the Counterweight Trebuchet
				Frankish Terminology
				Muslim Terminology
Chapter 2
	Mechanics
			Traction
				Hybrid
			Counterweight
			The Mathematics
			Mathematical Abbreviations
				Energy System
				Mechanical System
				Ideal Proportions
Chapter 3
	First Crusade
			Nicaea: 1097
			Antioch: 1097-98
			Ma’arrat al-Nu’man and ‘Arqa: 1098
			Jerusalem: 1099
				The Franks’ Artillery
				The Muslims’ Artillery
Chapter 4
	Twelfth Century
			The Opening Decades
				The Palestinian Coast
				The North
				Jaffa: 1123
			Tyre: 1124
				Havedic
			Offensives of Zanki and John Comnenus
				Al-Sawr: 1134
				Montferrand: 1137
				Antioch: 1137
				Shayzar: 1138
				Banyas: 1140
				Edessa: 1144
			The Second Crusade and the Ebb of Frankish Dominance
				Lisbon: 1147
				Ascalon: 1153
				Banyas: 1157
				Shayzar and Harim: 1157
			Egypt: A New Frontier
				Alexandria: 1167
				Damietta: 1169
				Alexandria: 1174
				Harim: 1177
			The Rise of Saladin
				Jacob’s Ford: 1179
				Beirut: 1182
				Mosul and Amida: 1182-83
			Transjordan
				Defences of Kerak
				Early Sieges: 1170-73
				Kerak: 1183
				Kerak: 1184
				Kerak and Counterweight Artillery
				Kerak: 1187
Chapter 5
	Third Crusade
			The Hattin Campaign
				Ascalon: 1187
				Jerusalem: 1187
				Tyre: 1187
				Eastern Galilee: 1188
			Indications of Range in Western Syria and Transjordan
				Saone: 1188
				Shughr-Bakas: 1188
				Bourzey: 1188
				The Syrian Gates: 1188
				The Absence of Artillery in Transjordan
				The Significance of Range
			Saladin’s Conquest of Northern Palestine
				Safed: 1188
				Belvoir: Dec 1188
			The First Great Siege of Acre
				First Phase: 1189-90
				Second Phase: 1190
				Third Phase: 1191
				Legacy
			Later Sieges of the Crusade
				Darum: 1192
				Jaffa: 1192
Chapter 6
	Ayyubid Period
			The Fifth Crusade and New Latin Terminology
				Mount Tabor: 1217
				Damietta: 1218-19
				Artillery at Damietta
				The Coptic Account
				The Push to Mansura: 1221
				‘Atlit and Caesarea: 1218-20
			The Sixth Crusade and War on Cyprus
				Kantara, Beirut and Kyrenia: 1229-33
			Continued Infighting and New Arabic Terminology
				Jerusalem: 1239
				Beaufort: 1240
				Tyre: 1243
				‘Ajlun: 1243/44
				The Consequences of Forbie
				Ascalon: 1247
				Homs: 1248-49
			Louis IX and the Seventh Crusade
				The Aftermath of Defeat in Egypt
			The Mongols and the War of St Sabas
				Mongols
				The War of St Sabas
Chapter 7
	Mamluk Period
			Baybars’ Early Artillery
				Caesarea: 1265
				Arsuf: 1265
				Safed: 1266
				Beaufort: 1268
				Antioch: 1268
			Indications of Significant Power: 1271
				Crac des Chevaliers: 1271
				‘Akkar: 1271
				Montfort: 1271
			The Sultanate of Qalawun
				Margat: 1285
				Maraclea: 1285
				Saone: 1287
				Tripoli: 1289
			The Second Great Siege of Acre: 1291
				Artillery and the Siege
Plates
	Plates
Chapter 8
	Influence of Offensive Artillery
			Theories Regarding the Influence of Artillery
			Siege Length
			Development, Manpower and Resources
			Concentricity
			Wall Thickness
				‘Atlit
				Purpose and Inconsistency
				Mamluk Towers
			Entrances
			Dressing
			Tower Shape
Chapter 9
	Influence of Defensive Artillery
			Ground-mounted Artillery
			Tower-mounted Artillery
				Elevating Counterweight Artillery
			Possible Ayyubid Artillery Towers
				Al-‘Adil’s Early Work
				Damascus
				Bosra and ‘Ajlun
				Continuity
			Possible Frankish Artillery Towers
				Crac des Chevaliers
				‘Atlit
				Margat
				Arsuf
		Possible Mamluk Artillery Towers
				Subayba
				Crac des Chevaliers
				Margat
				Safed
				Others
			Other Interpretations
				Symbolism
Conclusion
		Development
			East-West Supremacy
		Employment
			Trajectory
			Damage
			Coordinated Use
Appendix 1
Appendix 2
Appendix 3
Appendix 4
Bibliography
Index