Artificial Intelligence and Problem Solving

Contents......Page 3
Preface......Page 11
Figures & Tables......Page 13
1 Introduction......Page 21
--- Problem Solving & Traditional AI Problems......Page 27
POLyA’s five sTePs fOr PrOBLem sOLvinG......Page 28
PrOBLem-sOLvinG Techniques......Page 33
humAn WinDOW......Page 44
humAn WinDOW criTeriA & rAnkinG Of sOLuTiOns......Page 47
cLAssificATiOn......Page 50
Refs......Page 52
3 Missionaries & Cannibals......Page 53
chOOsinG An APPrOPriATe  rePresenTATiOn......Page 55
sOLuTiOn......Page 58
humAn PrOBLem sOLvinG......Page 60
humAn WinDOW AnALysis Of sOLuTiOns......Page 65
BesT mAchine sOLuTiOn......Page 70
reLATeD PrOBLems......Page 71
PLAyABLe PrOGrAm......Page 72
references......Page 73
4 The 12 Coins......Page 74
sOLvinG A smALLer PrOBLem......Page 75
sOLuTiOn......Page 79
humAn PrOBLem sOLvinG......Page 85
humAn WinDOW AnALysis Of sOLuTiOns......Page 86
BesT mAchine sOLuTiOn......Page 91
references......Page 92
5 Cryptarithms......Page 93
PrOBLem-sOLvinG Techniques......Page 94
sOLuTiOn......Page 95
humAn PrOBLem sOLvinG......Page 107
humAn WinDOW AnALysis Of sOLuTiOns......Page 108
BesT mAchine sOLuTiOn......Page 112
reLATeD PrOBLems......Page 113
PLAyABLe PrOGrAm......Page 114
references......Page 116
6 Red Donkey Puzzle......Page 117
sOLuTiOn......Page 119
humAn PrOBLem sOLvinG......Page 123
humAn WinDOW AnALysis Of sOLuTiOns......Page 124
BesT mAchine sOLuTiOn......Page 130
PLAyABLe PrOGrAm......Page 131
references......Page 132
7 The 15 Puzzle......Page 133
PrOBLem-sOLvinG Techniques......Page 134
sOLuTiOn......Page 135
humAn WinDOW AnALysis Of sOLuTiOns......Page 148
BesT mAchine sOLuTiOn......Page 152
reLATeD PrOBLems......Page 154
references......Page 155
8 Knight's Tour......Page 157
PrOBLem-sOLvinG Techniques......Page 158
sOLuTiOn......Page 159
humAn WinDOW AnALysis Of sOLuTiOns......Page 168
BesT mAchine sOLuTiOn......Page 174
PLAyABLe PrOGrAm......Page 176
references......Page 177
9 Mastermind......Page 178
PrOBLem-sOLvinG Techniques......Page 179
sOLuTiOn......Page 180
humAn PrOBLem sOLvinG......Page 189
humAn WinDOW AnALysis Of sOLuTiOns......Page 190
BesT mAchine sOLuTiOn......Page 191
PLAyABLe PrOGrAm......Page 192
references......Page 193
10 Monty Hall Problem......Page 194
PrOBLem-sOLvinG Techniques......Page 195
humAn PrOBLem sOLvinG......Page 197
reLATeD PrOBLems......Page 198
references......Page 199
11 Rubik Cube......Page 200
PrOBLem-sOLvinG Techniques......Page 201
sOLuTiOn......Page 202
humAn PrOBLem sOLvinG......Page 220
humAn WinDOW AnALysis Of sOLuTiOns......Page 221
BesT mAchine sOLuTiOn......Page 227
PLAyABLe PrOGrAm......Page 229
references......Page 230
The TrADiTiOnAL PrOBLem......Page 232
APPLicATiOns in Diverse AreAs......Page 235
references......Page 238
--- Computer Solutions......Page 240
13 Sudoku......Page 241
mAThemATicAL AnALysis......Page 244
PrOBLem sOLvinG Techniques  AnD sTrATeGies......Page 249
A reAL Life exPerimenT......Page 254
ALGOriThms fOr cOmPuTer sOLuTiOns......Page 258
humAn WinDOW AnALysis Of sOLuTiOns......Page 259
PLAyABLe OnLine......Page 268
references......Page 269
14 Map Coloring & Chromatic Number......Page 271
iLLusTrATinG The TheOrem......Page 273
eArLy ATTemPTs AT PrOOf......Page 275
summAry Of evenTs ThAT LeD TO The  DefiniTiOn AnD sOLuTiOn TO The fOur  cOLOr PrOBLem......Page 278
sAmPLe Of cODe frOm The PrOOf......Page 280
references......Page 282
15 Cryptography......Page 283
symmeTric key encryPTiOn......Page 285
PuBLic key encryPTiOn......Page 288
rsA encryPTiOn......Page 290
issues reGArDinG rsA cryPTOGrAPhic  sysTems......Page 293
references......Page 296
16 Random Walks on Graphs & Monte Carlo Methods......Page 298
TheOreTicAL APPLicATiOns......Page 301
random Walks on Graphs......Page 303
mArkOv chAins AnD mOnTe  cArLO meThODs......Page 306
references......Page 307
--- Smaller Problems & Theory......Page 309
cArDs/cOins in The DArk......Page 310
Ten PirATes AnD Their GOLD......Page 313
hALmOs’s hAnDshAke PrOBLem......Page 317
rAnDOm AirLine seATs PrOBLem......Page 325
The BirThDAy PrOBLem......Page 328
neWer ArTificiAL inTeLLiGence  PrOBLem sOLvinG Techniques......Page 330
references......Page 335
humAn WinDOW sTuDy......Page 338
LessOns LeArneD......Page 339
reTrOsPecTive, cOncLusiOns, AnD  fuTure WOrk......Page 346
suPPLemenTAL references......Page 347
cOmPOsiTe PrOBLem PLAyABiLiTy siTes......Page 349
Companion Disc......Page 351
Index......Page 353