Artificial Intelligence & Blockchain in Cyber Physical Systems: Technologies & Applications

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
Editors
List of Contributors
1 Facial Recognition Using Principal Component Analysis
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Traditional Face Recognition Systems
	1.3 Disadvantages of Traditional Facial Recognition Systems
	1.4 Facial Recognition Using Principal Component Analysis
	1.5 Principal Component Analysis
	1.6 Methodology
		1.6.1 Calculation of Eigenfaces Using PCA
			1.6.1.1 Step 1: Standardization
			1.6.1.2 Step 2: Covariance Matrix Computation
			1.6.1.3 Step 3: Compute the Eigenvectors and Eigenvalues of the Covariance Matrix
			1.6.1.4 Step 4: Selection of Principal Components
	1.7 Result and Analysis
		1.7.1 Evaluation Parameters
	1.8 Conclusion
	Bibliography
2 A Systematic Exploration of Blockchain-Based Healthcare Systems
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Overview of Blockchain
	2.3 The Need for Blockchain in Healthcare
		2.3.1 Blockchain in Health
		2.3.2 Features of Blockchain for the Healthcare Domain
			2.3.2.1 Drug Traceability
		2.4 Clinical Trials
	2.5 Drug/Pharmaceutical Supply Chain
	2.6 Biomedical Research and Education
		2.6.1 Remote Patient Monitoring (RPM)
		2.6.2 Health Insurance Claims
		2.6.3 Health Data Analytics (HDA)
	2.7 Case Study
	2.8 Research Methodology
		2.8.1 Findings From Earlier Papers
		2.8.2 Conclusions
		2.8.3 Challenges and Limitations of Blockchain-Based Applications
3 Smart Parking for Smart Drivers Using QR Codes
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Background Study
	3.3 Methodology
		3.3.1 UCD Process Model
		3.3.2 Prototype Development
		3.3.3 Usability Evaluation
			3.3.3.1 Effectiveness
			3.3.3.2 Efficiency
			3.3.3.3 Satisfaction
			3.3.3.4 Proposed Model
	3.4 Data Collection and Evaluation
		3.4.1 Sampling
		3.4.2 Defined Tasks
	3.5 Experimentation
		3.5.1 Selection of Prototype Interface
		3.5.2 Sample Size
		3.5.3 Allocated Tasks
	3.6 Usability Evaluation
		3.6.1 Effectiveness
		3.6.2 Efficiency
		3.6.3 Satisfaction
	3.7 Results and Discussion
	3.8 Conclusion and Future Work
	References
4 Impact of Gamification in Children’s Health Awareness
	4.1 Introduction
		4.1.1 Games Promote Medical Education
		4.1.2 Human–Computer Interaction (HCI) and Computer Games
		4.1.3 Gaming Impacts On Children’s Progress
		4.1.4 Good Effects of Video Games On Children’s Health
			4.1.4.1 Examples
		4.1.5 Types of Health Awareness Games for Children
			4.1.5.1 Serious Games
			4.1.5.2 Arcade Games
			4.1.5.3 Diabetes Prevention Video Games
			4.1.5.4 Obesity Awareness Games
			4.1.5.5 Mental Therapy Games
			4.1.5.6 Oral Health Awareness Games
			4.1.5.7 Smoking Prevention Games
		4.1.6 Problem Statement
		4.1.7 Objectives
	4.2 Background Study
	4.3 Methodology
		4.3.1 Research Gap
		4.3.2 Significance of the Study
		4.3.3 Problem Statement
		4.3.4 Scope of Study
		4.3.5 Objectives
		4.3.6 Proposed Model
		4.3.7 UCD Model
	4.4 Results and Discussion
		4.4.1 Personal Information
			4.4.1.1 Age and Gender
		4.4.2 General Information
		4.4.3 Awareness Level in Children Regarding Oral Hygiene
	4.5 Conclusion
	References
5 Road Lane Detection System
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Literature Review (Figure 5.1)
		5.2.1 Lane Detection
			5.2.1.1 Edge Detection
			5.2.1.2 Hough Line Transformation
	5.3 Requirement and Analysis
	5.4 Design and Implementation
		5.4.1 Algorithm
			5.4.1.1 Step 1–Parsing Video to Frames
			5.4.1.2 Step 2–Applying Yellow Mask
			5.4.1.3 Step 3–Conversion of Actual Frame (Colored) to Gray Scaled Image
			5.4.1.4 Step 4–Edge Detection (Canny Edge Detector)
			5.4.1.5 Step 5–Extracting the Region of Interest
			5.4.1.6 Step 6–Creating Hough Lines
			5.4.1.7 Step 7–Removing Unnecessary Hough Lines
			5.4.1.8 Step 8–Line Fitting
		5.4.2 Android App
			5.4.2.1 Home Screen/UI
			5.4.2.2 Menu View
			5.4.2.3 Terms and Conditions View
			5.4.2.4 Privacy Policy View
			5.4.2.5 Help View
			5.4.2.6 Exit Button
	5.5 Results and Discussion
	5.6 Conclusion
	5.7 Future Work Recommendations
		5.7.1 Navigation
		5.7.2 GPS
		5.7.3 IMU
	References
6 Stock Price Prediction Using Artificial Intelligence Based On LSTM–Deep Learning Model
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Problem Statement
	6.3 Methodology
	6.4 Deep Learning Model
	6.5 Implementation
	6.6 Performance Results
	6.7 Conclusion
	Bibliography
7 Blockchain in Healthcare
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Proposed Methodology
		7.2.1 Logistic Regression
			7.2.1.2 Mapping From 2D to 3D
	7.3 NaÏve Bayes
	7.4 Random Forest
		7.4.1 Assumptions for Random Forest
		7.4.2 Working of Random Forest
	7.5 K Nearest Neighbor (KNN)
	7.6 XG Boost
	7.7 Blockchain
		7.7.1 How Blockchain Works
	7.8 Blockchain in Healthcare
	7.9 Results and Comparison
	7.10 Confusion Matrix
	7.11 Conclusion
8 A Study On the Role of Electroencephalogram in Cyber Physical System and Security
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Introduction to Electroencephalography
		8.2.1 Brain Regions
			8.2.1.1 Occipital Cortex
			8.2.1.2 Parietal Cortex
			8.2.1.3 Temporal Cortex
			8.2.1.4 Frontal Cortex
		8.2.2 Brainwave Frequency Range
			8.2.2.1 Delta (1–4 Hz)
			8.2.2.2 Theta (4–7 Hz)
			8.2.2.3 Alpha (7–12 Hz)
			8.2.2.4 Beta (12–30 Hz)
			8.2.2.5 Gamma (>30 Hz, Typically 40 Hz)
		8.2.3 Types of Electrodes
			8.2.3.1 Metal Plate Electrode
			8.2.3.2 Metal Disk Electrode
			8.2.3.3 Suction Electrode
			8.2.3.4 Floating Electrode
			8.2.3.5 Flexible Electrode
	8.3 Literature Survey
	8.4 Application Areas
		8.4.1 Healthcare
		8.4.2 Education System
		8.4.3 Transportation
		8.4.4 Security and Authentication
	8.5 Design Methodologies
		8.5.1 Physical Process System
		8.5.2 Cyber Feedback Loop Control Scheme
			8.5.2.1 Actuation and Monitoring Infrastructure Level
			8.5.2.2 Network Communication Infrastructure Level
			8.5.2.3 Distributed Control and Computation Unit Infrastructure Layer
			8.5.2.4 Human in Loop
	8.6 Conclusion
	References
9 Sentimental Analysis of Social Context Using Integration of PSO-Cuckoo Optimization and SVM Classifier
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Sentiment Analysis Methods Used in Social Media
	9.3 Machine Learning Approach for Sentimental Analysis
	9.4 Literature Review
	9.5 Proposed Methodology
		9.5.1 Data Collection
		9.5.2 Pre-Processing
		9.5.3 Feature Extraction
		9.5.4 Feature Selection and Meta Learning Classification
			9.5.4.1 SVM With Hybrid Optimization
	9.6 Experimental Results
	9.7 Comparative Analysis
		9.7.1 Precision
		9.7.2 Recall
		9.7.3 F-Measure
		9.7.4 Accuracy
	9.8 Sentimental Analysis: New Pathway
	9.9 Application
	9.10 Conclusion
	References
10 Cyber Security: Analysis for Detection and Removal of Zero-Day Attacks (ZDA)
	10.1 Introduction
		10.1.1 Modern Malware
		10.1.2 Email-Borne Threats
		10.1.3 Spear Phishing Attacks
		10.1.4 Targeted Malware
		10.1.5 File Server Malware
		10.1.6 Conventional Security
	10.2 Background
		10.2.1 Statistical-Based Defense Technique
		10.2.2 Signature-Based Defense Technique
		10.2.3 Behavior-Based Defense Technique
		10.2.4 Hybrid-Based Defense Technique
	10.3 Literature Review
		10.3.1 Significance
		10.3.2 Objectives
		10.3.3 Questions Arise
	10.4 Experimentation With a Virtualization-Based Approach
		10.4.1 Web-Based Malware Detector
		10.4.2 Virtual Execution Engine (VEE)
		10.4.3 Static Analysis
		10.4.4 Behavioral Analysis
		10.4.5 Working Analysis
	10.5 Results and Analysis
		10.5.1 Scenario I: Web Malware Graph for 24 Hours
		10.5.2 Scenario II: Web Malware Graph for Two Weeks
		10.5.3 Analysis
	10.6 Proposed Model
	10.7 Conclusion
	References
11 Addressing Gestures for One-Handed Mobile Interaction Techniques
	11.1 Introduction
		11.1.1 One-Handed Mobile Interaction Techniques
	11.2 Types of One-Handed Mobile Interaction Techniques
		11.2.1 Launch Tile and Applens Techniques
		11.2.2 MagStick and Tap-Tap Techniques
		11.2.3 Thumb Space Technique
		11.2.4 Types of Thumb Space
		11.2.5 Eight Targets Technique
		11.2.7 Challenges and Issues
		11.2.8 Aims and Objectives
	11.3 Problem Statement
		11.3.1 Research Questions
	11.4 Literature Review
		11.4.1 Input Gestures On Mobile
		11.4.2 Touch Inputs On the Whole Touch-Based Device Surface
		11.4.3 Convenient Accessibility in a One-Handed Mobile System
		11.4.4 User Defined Signs and Their Involvement
		11.4.5 Body of Design of a Touch Mobile System Mobile
		11.4.6 Buttons, Icons and Quick Switch Systems
		11.4.7 Model Design Compatibility With Hand Usage
		11.4.8 Implemented Features in Consequential Gestures
	11.5 Experimentation
		11.5.1 Scope of the Research
		11.5.2 Field Study Observation Method
		11.5.3 Survey Method: Another Research Method
	11.6 Results and Discussion
		11.6.1 Research Method
			11.6.1.1 Subject Selection
			11.6.1.2 Data Analysis
			11.6.1.3 Performance Analysis
		11.6.2 Retrospect and Prospect
		11.6.3 Field Study Results
	11.7 Conclusion and Future Work
	References
12 Trust Management in Smart Cities Using Blockchain Technology
	12.1 Introduction
	12.2 History of Blockchain and IOT
	12.3 Overview of Blockchain Technology
		12.3.1 Ethereum Blockchain Architecture
	12.4 Blockchain-Based Authentication and Trust Management Procedure for Smart City
		12.4.1 Authorization Blockchain
		12.4.2 Resource Servers
		12.4.3 Resource Owners/Publishers
		12.4.4 Key Servers
		12.4.5 Simulation/Creation of Smart City
		12.4.6 Integration of Smart City With Authorization Blockchain
			12.4.6.1 Integration of Smart City With Authorization Blockchain
			12.4.6.2 Migrations
			12.4.6.3 Access Control for Blockchain at Application/Browser Level (Metamask)
			12.4.6.4 Data Fetching From Smart Contract
		12.4.7 User Application
		12.4.8 Overall Workflow
	12.5 Experimental Analysis and Discussion
		12.5.1 Evaluation of Key Server and Resource Server
		12.5.2 Smart City Resource Publishing and Controlling Through User Application
			12.5.2.1 Publishing Resources
			12.5.2.2 Accessing and Controlling Resources
		12.5.3 Comparative Analysis of Techniques
		12.5.4 Security Analysis
			12.5.4.1 Formal Security Analysis
			12.5.4.2 Informal Security Analysis
		12.5.5 Technical Challenges and Limitations
	12.6 Conclusions and Future Directions
	References