Aromatic and Medicinal Plants of Drylands and Deserts: Ecology, Ethnobiology, and Potential Uses

Cover
Half Title
Series Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
Preface
Editors
Contributors
Chapter 1 Introduction to Plant Taxonomy: Vascular and Non-vascular Plants with Medicinal Use
	1.1 The Arid and Semi-arid Areas of Mexico
	1.2 Plant Taxonomy
	1.3 Plant Resources in Arid and Semi-arid Zones and Levels of Use
		1.3.1 Medicinal Uses of Vascular Plants
		1.3.2 Medicinal Uses of Non-vascular Plants
	References
Chapter 2 Mexican Desertic Medicinal Plants: Biology, Ecology, and Distribution
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Currently Accepted Scientific Name Acacia sp.
		2.2.1 Biology
		2.2.2 Active Principles or Bioactive Compounds
		2.2.3 Ethnobotanical Uses or Traditional Uses
		2.2.4 Ecology and Distribution
	2.3 Currently Accepted Scientific Name Agave salmiana Otto ex. Salm-Dick
		2.3.1 Biology
		2.3.2 Active Principles or Bioactive Compounds
		2.3.3 Ethnobotanical Uses or Traditional Uses
		2.3.4 Ecology and Distribution
	2.4 Currently Accepted Scientific Name Cucurbita foetidissima
		2.4.1 Biology
		2.4.2 Active Principles or Bioactive Compounds
		2.4.3 Ethnobotanical Uses or Traditional Uses
		2.4.4 Ecology and Distribution
	2.5 Currently Accepted Scientific Name Dysphania ambrosioides (L.) Mosyakin & Clemants
		2.5.1 Biology
		2.5.2 Active Principles or Bioactive Compounds
		2.5.3 Ethnobotanical uses or Traditional Uses
		2.5.4 Ecology and Distribution
	2.6 Currently Accepted Scientific Name Euphorbia antisyphilitica Zucc
		2.6.1 Biology
		2.6.2 Active Principles or Bioactive Compounds
		2.6.3 Ethnobotanical Uses or Traditional Uses
		2.6.4 Ecology and Distribution
	2.7 Currently Accepted Scientific Name Jatropha dioica Sessé ex Cerv.
		2.7.1 Biology
		2.7.2 Active Principles or Bioactive Compounds
		2.7.3 Ethnobotanical Uses or Traditional Uses
		2.7.4 Ecology and Distribution
	2.8 Currently Accepted Scientific Name Heterotheca inuloides Cass.
		2.8.1 Biology
		2.8.2 Active Principles or Bioactive Compounds
		2.8.3 Ethnobotanical Uses or Traditional Uses
		2.8.4 Ecology and Distribution
	2.9 Currently Accepted Scientific Name Lippia graveolens Kunth
		2.9.1 Biology
		2.9.2 Active Principles or Bioactive Compounds
		2.9.3 Ethnobotanical Uses or Traditional Uses
		2.9.4 Ecology and Distribution
	2.10 Currently Accepted Scientific Name Lophophora williamsii
		2.10.1 Biology
		2.10.2 Active Principles or Bioactive Compounds
		2.10.3 Ethnobotanical Uses or Traditional Uses
		2.10.4 Ecology and Distribution
	2.11 Currently Accepted Scientific Name Olneya tesota A. Gray
		2.11.1 Biology
		2.11.2 Active Principles or Bioactive Compounds
		2.11.3 Ethnobotanical Uses or Traditional Uses
		2.11.4 Ecology and Distribution
	2.12 Currently Accepted Scientific Name Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Mill., 1768
		2.12.1 Biology
		2.12.2 Active Principles or Bioactive Compounds
		2.12.3 Ethnobotanical Uses or Traditional Uses
		2.12.4 Ecology and Distribution
	2.13 Currently Accepted Scientific Name Parthenium incanum Kunth
		2.13.1 Biology
		2.13.2 Active Principles or Bioactive Compounds
		2.13.3 Ethnobotanical Uses or Traditional Uses
		2.13.4 Ecology and Distribution
	2.14 Currently Accepted Scientific Name Pinus cembroides
		2.14.1 Biology
		2.14.2 Active Principles or Bioactive Compounds
		2.14.3 Ethnobotanical Uses or Traditional Uses
		2.14.4 Ecology and Distribution
	2.15 Currently Accepted Scientific Name Prosopis spp.
		2.15.1 Biology
		2.15.2 Active Principles or Bioactive Compounds
		2.15.3 Ethnobotanical Uses or Traditional Uses
		2.15.4 Ecology and Distribution
	2.16 Currently Accepted Scientific Name Quercus spp.
		2.16.1 Biology
		2.16.2 Active Principles or Bioactive Compounds
		2.16.3 Ethnobotanical Uses or Traditional Uses
		2.16.4 Ecology and Distribution
	2.17 Currently Accepted Scientific Name Selaginella spp.
		2.17.1 Biology
		2.17.2 Active Principles or Bioactive Compounds
		2.17.3 Ethnobotanical Uses or Traditional Uses
		2.17.4 Ecology and Distribution
	2.18 Currently Accepted Scientific Name Simmondsia chinensis (Link) C.K. Schneid
		2.18.1 Biology
		2.18.2 Active Principles or Bioactive Compounds
		2.18.3 Ethnobotanical Uses or Traditional Uses
		2.18.4 Ecology and Distribution
	2.19 Currently Accepted Scientific Name Taxodium mucronatun Ten
		2.19.1 Biology
		2.19.2 Active Principles or Bioactive Compounds
		2.19.3 Ethnobotanical Uses or Traditional Uses
		2.19.4 Ecology and Distribution
	2.20 Currently Accepted Scientific Name Tecoma stans (L.) Juss ex Kunth
		2.20.1 Biology
		2.20.2 Active Principles or Bioactive Compounds
		2.20.3 Ethnobotanical Uses or Traditional Uses
		2.20.4 Ecology and Distribution
	2.21 Currently Accepted Scientific Name Turnera diffusa Willd. ex Schult
		2.21.1 Biology
		2.21.2 Active Principles or Bioactive Compounds
		2.21.3 Ethnobotanical Uses or Traditional Uses
		2.21.4 Ecology and Distribution
	2.22 Currently Accepted Scientific Name Yucca filifera Chabaud
		2.22.1 Biology
		2.22.2 Active Principles or Bioactive Compounds
		2.22.3 Ethnobotanical Uses or Traditional Uses
		2.22.4 Ecology and Distribution
	2.23 Currently Accepted Scientific Name Yucca carnerosana (Trel) McKelvey
		2.23.1 Biology
		2.23.2 Active Principles or Bioactive Compounds
		2.23.3 Ethnobotanical Uses or Traditional Uses
		2.23.4 Ecology and Distribution
	References
Chapter 3 Mexican Desert: Health and Biotechnological Properties Potential of Some Cacti Species (Cactaceae)
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Diversity and Conservation Status of Mexican Cacti
	3.3 Ecological Interactions with Mexican Cacti
	3.4 Cacti and Microbiome
	3.5 Ethnobiology of Mexican Cactus
	3.6 Phytochemistry of Some Cactaceae with Economic Importance: Biological Activities
		3.6.1 Hylocereus spp.
		3.6.2 Opuntia Genus
			3.6.2.1 Opuntia ficus indica
			3.6.2.2 O. ficus indica Fruit
			3.6.2.3 O. ficus indica Flowers
			3.6.2.4 O. ficus indica Cladodes
			3.6.2.5 O. ficus indica Exocarp
		3.6.3 M. geometrizans
	3.7 Current Application in the Development of Food Industry and Biotechnology from Cactaceae
		3.7.1 Pharmaceutical Applications
		3.7.2 Food Applications
			3.7.2.1 Supplement
			3.7.2.2 Natural Additive
			3.7.2.3 Alcoholic Beverages
			3.7.2.4 Advanced Material: Biopolymers or Edible Films
			3.7.2.5 Animal Nutrition Application
		3.7.3 Water Treatment
		3.7.4 Other Applications
	3.8 Conclusion and Perspectives
	Acknowledgments
	References
Chapter 4 Potential of Plants from the Arid Zone of Coahuila in Mexico for the Extraction of Essential Oils
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Methods of Obtaining Essential Oils
		4.2.1 Steam Distillation and Hydrodistillation
		4.2.2 Extraction by Chemical Solvents and Green Solvents
		4.2.3 Emerging Essential Oil Extraction Technologies
	4.3 Potentially Usable Coahuilense Semi-desert Plants
		4.3.1 Lippia graveolens Kunth (Oregano)
		4.3.2 Flourensia cernua DC. (Hojasén)
		4.3.3 Allium sativum L. (A  jo)
		4.3.4 Larrea tridentata (Sessé & Moc. ex DC.) Coville (Gobernadora)
		4.3.5 Euphorbia antisyphilitica (Candelilla)
	Conclusions
	References
Chapter 5 Ethnopharmacology of Important Aromatic Medicinal Plants of the Caatinga, Northeastern Brazil
	5.1 Caatinga Biome: The “Silver-White Forest” Restricted to Brazil
	5.2 Ethnopharmacology in the Brazilian Northeast and the Important Role of Professor Francisco José de Abreu Matos
		5.2.1 The Economic and Socio-cultural Diversity of the Caatinga
		5.2.2 Ethnobotanical Studies on the Caatinga Biome: A Brief Synopsis
		5.2.3 A Brief Insight into the Ethnopharmacopeia of the Late Prof. Francisco José de Abreu Matos
	5.3 Aromatic and Medicinal Plants from Caatinga
		5.3.1 Ageratum conyzoides L.
		5.3.2 Cantinoa mutabilis (Rich.) Harley & J.F.B. Pastore
		5.3.3 Croton echioides Baill.
		5.3.4 Croton grewioides Baill.
		5.3.5 Croton heliotropiifolius Kunth.
		5.3.6 Croton jacobinensis Baill.
		5.3.7 Hymenaea courbaril L.
		5.3.8 Lippia alba (Mill.) N.E.Br
		5.3.9 Lippia origanoides Kunth
		5.3.10 Mesosphaerum suaveolens (L.) Kuntze.
	5.4 Concluding Remarks
	References
Chapter 6 Plants of the Chihuahuan Semi-desert for the Control of Phytopathogens
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Semi-desert Plants
		6.2.1 Generalities of Bioactive Compounds (Metabolites)
		6.2.2 Agave Lechuguilla
		6.2.3 Larrea Tridentata
	6.3 Phytopathogenic Bacteria
	6.4 Phytopathogenic Fungi
	6.5 Phytopathogenic Viruses
	6.6 Phytopathogenic Nematodes
	6.7 Herbicides
	6.8 Conclusion
	6.9 Acknowledgments
	References
Chapter 7 Phytochemical Compounds from Desert Plants to Management of Plant-parasitic Nematodes
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Nematodes
		7.2.1 Plant-parasitic Nematodes
		7.2.2 Main Species of PPNs in Agriculture
	7.3 Desert Plants
	7.4 Phytochemical Compounds from Desert Plants with Nematicidal Activity
		7.4.1 Biological Effectiveness Studies of Phytochemical Compounds from Desert Plants with Nematicidal Activity
		7.4.2 Action Mode of Phytochemical Compounds with Nematicidal Activity
	7.5 Benefits of Phytochemical Compounds to the Management of Plant-parasitic Nematodes
	7.6 Conclusion
	References List
Chapter 8 Plant Phytochemicals from the Chihuahuan Semi-desert with Possible Herbicidal Actions
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Weeds
		8.2.1 Weeds Associated with Agriculture
	8.3 Management and Control of Weeds Associated with Agriculture
	8.4 Mechanisms and Mode of Action of Herbicides
	8.5 Phytochemicals as Bioherbicides
	8.6 Conclusion
	8.7 Acknowledgments
	References list
Chapter 9 Chemical and Bioactive Compounds from Mexican Desertic Medicinal Plants
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Phenolic Compounds
	9.3 Terpenes
	9.4 Nitrogen-containing Compounds
	9.5 Perspectives on Extraction and Bioactivity Protection
	9.6 Conclusions
	References
Chapter 10 Edible Coating Based on Chia (Salvia hispanica L.) Functionalized with Rhus microphylla Fruit Extract to Improve the Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) Shelf Life
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Materials and Methods
		10.2.1 Reagents
		10.2.2 Mucilage Extraction
		10.2.3 Shelf-life Assay in Cucumber Fruits
		10.2.4 Weight Loss
		10.2.5 Total Soluble Solids (TSS) and pH
		10.2.6 Vitamin C
		10.2.7 Color
		10.2.8 Microbiological Analysis
		10.2.9 Statistical Analyses
	10.3 Results and Discussion
		10.3.1 Weight Loss
		10.3.2 TSS and pH
		10.3.3 Vitamin C
		10.3.4 Color
		10.3.5 Microbiological Analysis
	10.4 Conclusions
	References
Chapter 11 Larrea Tridentate: Bioactive Compounds, Biological Activities and Its Potential Use in Phytopharmaceuticals Improvement
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 Characteristics, Distribution, and Medicinal Uses
	11.3 Bioactive Compounds
		11.3.1 Phenolic Compounds Identified in L. tridentata
		11.3.2 Triterpenes Identified in L. tridentata
		11.3.3 Other Bioactive Compounds Identified in L. tridentata
	11.4 Biological activities
		11.4.1 Antimicrobial Activity
		11.4.2 Antifungal Activity
		11.4.2 Antiparasitic Activity
		11.4.3 Antiviral Activity
		11.4.4 Antioxidant Activity
		11.4.5 Antiproliferative Activity
	11.5 Toxicity and Generation of Pharmaceutical Products
	Conclusions
	References
Chapter 12 Toxicological Aspects of Medicinal Plants that Grow in Drylands and Polluted Environments
	12.1 Secondary Metabolites of Plants
		12.1.1 Uses and Applications of Secondary Metabolites
		12.1.2 Secondary Metabolites in Medicine
		12.1.3 Secondary Metabolites in Agronomy
		12.1.4 Secondary Metabolites in Industry
	12.2 Factors Affecting the Quantity and Quality of Secondary Metabolites
		12.2.1 Physical Factors
		12.2.2 Chemical Factors
		12.2.3 Interactions with Other Organisms
	12.3 Epigenetic Regulation of the Synthesis of Secondary Metabolites
	12.4 Environmental Pollutants and Their Effects on Plants
		12.4.1 Soil and Water Pollutants
		12.4.2 Pollutants Assimilated by Plants
		12.4.3 Interactions between Secondary Metabolites and Polluting Compounds
	12.5 Conclusion
	Reference List
Index