Arctic Sea Ice: Proceedings of the Conference

Contents
Preface
Contents
S6CtlOIl 1 Distribution and character of sea ice
Distribution and character of sea ice in the European Arctic by Franz Nusser 1
Classification of Arctic ice and its distribution in the Soviet sector of the Arctic
by A. A. Kirillov 11
Modern glaciation of the Soviet Arctic by G. A. Avsyuk 15
An ice atlas of the North American Arctic by C. W. Af . Swithinbank 22
The Baltic Sea as an object of ice studies by Ilmo Hela 29
Discussion 36
tScCtlOll a Sea ice observing and reporting techniques
The present situation of sea ice observations in Japan by Kou Kusunoki 39
Ice observation methods by A. K. Laktionov 48
Sea ice observing and reporting technique in the Baltic by Bertil Rodhe 57
Aerial ice observing and reporting by Howard V. French 69
Discussion 75
The utilization of aerial photographs in sea ice forecasts by Geza Teleki 76
Discussion 79
Discussion 80
SeCtlOn 3 Physics and mechanics of sea ice
Preliminary results of thermal budget studies on Arctic pack ice during summer
and autumn by N. Untersteiner and Franklin I. Badgley 85
Discussion 93
The structure of sea ice: a progress report by Wilford F. Weeks 96
Discussion 98
Physical and mechanical properties of Arctic ice and methods of research
by I. S. Peschansky 100
Discussion 104
Composition of sea ice and its tensile strength by A. Assur 106
Studies on visco-elastic properties of sea ice by Tadashi Tabata 139
A model for determining sea ice properties by Don L. Anderson 148
Discussion 153
OCCtlOll 4 Sea ice formation, growth and disintegration
On the growth rate of sea ice by A. G. Kolesnikov 157
Discussion 161
Estimation of sea ice formation and growth by Lloyd S. Simpson 162
Discussion 166
On the formation and growth of sea ice, especially on the Okhotsk Sea
by Tadashi Tabata 169
Discussion 1 80
Solar radiation as the chief component of the heat balance of the Arctic Sea
by G. N. Yakovlev 181
Discussion 184
Discussion 185
SeCtlOn 5 Drift and deformation of sea ice
The movement of ice in the Arctic Ocean by I. M. Browne and A. P. Crary. . . 191
Discussion 208
Arctic ice drift by P. Gordienko 210
Discussion 221
A theory on the steady drift of sea ice due to wind on the frozen sea
by Takaharu Fukutomi 223
Discussion 237
OCCllOn O Sea ice prediction techniques
Methods used in the ice service in the Baltic by Erkki Palosuo 239
Continuity aids in short range ice forecasting by Walter 1. Wittmann 244
Discussion 256
oeCtlOn / Sea ice operations
A technique for time-lapse photography of sea ice by Donald J. Gerson 259
The operational concept for a sea ice reconnaissance and forecasting program
conducted during Arctic operations by Albert J. Tait 265
The economics of surface transportation in sea ice by Charles W. Thomas. . . 267
Participants 270