Aquaphotomics for Bio-diagnostics in Dairy: Applications of Near-Infrared Spectroscopy

Preface
About This Book
	Part I Introduction: Why Aquaphotomics for Bio-diagnostics?
	Part II NIRS for Determining the Composition of Milk from an Individual Cow
	Part III Somatic Cell Count Determination in Milk from an Individual Cow
	Part IV Influence of Perturbation on Measurements of Milk Composition
	Part V Physiological Studies of Dairy Cows
	Part VI Functional Studies of Dairy Cows
	Part VII Conclusion and Future Perspectives
Contents
About the Authors
Abbreviations
Part I Introduction: Why Aquaphotomics for Bio-diagnostics?
1 Milk Quality Management: State of the Art and Contemporary Requirements
	References
2 Near-Infrared Spectroscopy for Milk Quality Analysis: The State of the Art
	References
3 Aquaphotomics for Bio-diagnostics: Advancing Beyond the State of the Art
	References
Part II NIRS for Determining the Composition of Milk from an Individual Cow
4 Milk Fat Measurement
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Material and Methods
		4.2.1 Samples
		4.2.2 Reference Analysis
		4.2.3 NIR Spectra Acquisition
		4.2.4 Data Analysis
	4.3 Results and Discussion
	4.4 Conclusions
	References
5 Milk Protein Measurement
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Material and Methods
		5.2.1 Samples
		5.2.2 Reference Analysis
		5.2.3 NIR Spectra Acquisition
		5.2.4 Data Analysis
		5.2.5 Results and Discussion
	5.3 Conclusions
	References
6 Milk Lactose Measurement
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Experimental
		6.2.1 Samples
		6.2.2 Reference Analysis
		6.2.3 NIR Spectra Acquisition
		6.2.4 Data Analysis
	6.3 Results and Discussion
	6.4 Conclusions
	References
7 Milk Urea Nitrogen Measurement
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Material and Methods
		7.2.1 Instrumentation
		7.2.2 Reference Analysis
		7.2.3 Procedures
		7.2.4 Data Analysis
	7.3 Results and Discussion
	7.4 Conclusions
	References
8 Milk Fatty Acids Measurement
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Material and Methods
		8.2.1 Milk Samples
		8.2.2 Instrumentation and Procedures
		8.2.3 Reference Analysis
		8.2.4 Data Analysis
	8.3 Results and Discussion
		8.3.1 Reference FA Analysis by Gas Chromatography
		8.3.2 Initial Exploration of NIR Spectra and Preliminary Regression Analysis
		8.3.3 Development of NIR Equations to Predict Individual FA Using the 1600–1800 nm Region
	8.4 Conclusion
	References
Part III Somatic Cell Count Determination in Milk from an Individual Cow
9 Near-Infrared Spectroscopy: A New Diagnostic Tool for Determination of Somatic Cell Count
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Material and Methods
		9.2.1 Samples
		9.2.2 Reference Analysis
		9.2.3 NIR Spectra Acquisition
		9.2.4 Data Analysis
	9.3 Results and Discussion
	9.4 Conclusions
	References
10 Non-destructive Somatic Cell Count Measurement Using Near-Infrared Spectra of Milk in the 400–1,100 nm Short Wavelength Region
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Material and Methods
		10.2.1 Samples
		10.2.2 NIR Spectra Acquisition
		10.2.3 Reference Analysis
		10.2.4 Data Analysis
	10.3 Results and Discussion
	10.4 Conclusions
	References
11 Measurement of Somatic Cell Count in the 700–1,100 nm Short Wavelength Region Using PLS Regression and Referenced Data
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 Material and Methods
		11.2.1 Instrumentation
		11.2.2 Reference analysis
		11.2.3 Procedures
		11.2.4 Data Analysis
	11.3 Results and Discussion
	11.4 Conclusion
	References
12 Measurement of Somatic Cell Count in the 700–1,100 nm Short Wavelength Region: Comparison of At-Line and On-Line Measurement Modes
	12.1 Introduction
	12.2 Material and Methods
		12.2.1 Milk Samples and NIR Spectra
		12.2.2 Reference analysis
		12.2.3 Data Analysis
	12.3 Results and Discussion
	12.4 Conclusions
	References
13 Influence of Sample Thickness and Individual Characteristics of Each Cow on Milk Composition Measurement in the Spectral Region from 700 to 1,100 nm
	13.1 Introduction
	13.2 Material and Methods
		13.2.1 Samples
		13.2.2 NIR Spectra Acquisition
		13.2.3 Data Analysis
	13.3 Results
	13.4 Discussion
	References
Part IV Influence of Perturbation on Measurements of Milk Composition
14 Influence of Individual Characteristics of Each Cow on Milk Composition Measurement in the Spectral Region from 1,100 to 2,400 nm
	14.1 Introduction
	14.2 Material and Methods
		14.2.1 Samples
		14.2.2 NIR Spectra Acquisition
		14.2.3 Data Analysis
	14.3 Results and Discussion
		14.3.1 Milk Composition Analysis
		14.3.2 Data Analysis
	14.4 Conclusions
	References
16 Mastitis Influence on Milk Composition Measurement in the Spectral Region from 1,100 to 2,400 nm
	16.1 Introduction
	16.2 Material and Methods
		16.2.1 Samples
		16.2.2 Reference Analysis
		16.2.3 NIR Spectra Acquisition
		16.2.4 Data Analysis
	16.3 Results and Discussion
	16.4 Conclusions
	References
17 Interrelation Between the Composition and Near-Infrared Spectra of Milk, Blood Plasma and Rumen Juice of Lactating Cows
	17.1 Introduction
	17.2 Experimental
		17.2.1 Samples
		17.2.2 Reference Analysis
		17.2.3 Instrumentation
		17.2.4 Data Analysis
	17.3 Results and Discussion
		17.3.1 Milk Composition and Correlation with the Spectra of Rumen Juice and Blood Plasma
		17.3.2 Rumen Juice Composition and Correlation with the Spectra of Milk
		17.3.3 Blood Plasma Composition and Correlation with Milk Spectra
	17.4 Conclusions
	References
18 Near-Infrared Spectra of Urine for Mastitis Diagnostics
	18.1 Introduction
	18.2 Material and Methods
		18.2.1 Urine and Milk Samples
		18.2.2 Urine Spectra
		18.2.3 Data Analysis
	18.3 Results and Discussion
	18.4 Conclusions
	References
Part V Physiological Studies of Dairy Cows
19 Mastitis Diagnostics Based on the Near-Infrared Spectra of Cow’s Milk, Blood and Urine
	19.1 Introduction
	19.2 Material and Methods
		19.2.1 Samples
		19.2.2 Spectral Acquisition
		19.2.3 Data Analysis
	19.3 Results and Discussion
	19.4 Conclusions
	References
20 Near-Infrared Spectra of Udder Quarter Foremilk for Measurement of Both Somatic Cell Count and Absolute Electrical Conductivity and for Diagnosis of Mastitis
	20.1 Introduction
	20.2 Material and Methods
		20.2.1 Milk Samples and Measurement of SCC and of Absolute Electrical Conductivity
		20.2.2 NIR Spectra Acquisition
		20.2.3 Data Analysis
	20.3 Results
		20.3.1 Quantitative Determination of SCC and AEC by NIRS
		20.3.2 Qualitative Analysis of Milk Samples—Classification-Based Disease Diagnosis
	20.4 Discussion
	20.5 Conclusions
	References
21 Real-Time Near-Infrared Spectroscopy of Udder Tissue for Mastitis Diagnosis
	21.1 Introduction
	21.2 Material and Methods
		21.2.1 Samples
		21.2.2 NIR Spectra Acquisition
		21.2.3 Milk Constituents Reference Analysis
		21.2.4 Data Analysis
	21.3 Results and Discussion
		21.3.1 Initial Spectral Exploration and Outlier Detection
		21.3.2 Exploration of Differences Between Udder Quarters
		21.3.3 Mastitis Diagnosis Based on the NIR Spectra of Udder Quarter Tissues
	21.4 Conclusions
	References
22 Estrus Detection in Dairy Cows Using Near-Infrared Spectroscopy and Aquaphotomics
	22.1 Introduction
	22.2 Material and Methods
		22.2.1 Experiment 1: Measurements of Progesterone in Blood and in Milk
		22.2.2 Experiment 2: The Water Spectral Pattern of Milk as a Biomarker of Estrus
	22.3 Results and Discussion
		22.3.1 Progesterone Measurements
		22.3.2 Water Spectral Pattern of Milk as a Biomarker of Estrus
	22.4 Conclusions
	References
23 Two-Dimensional Correlation Analysis of the Near-Infrared Spectra of Milk and Milk Constituents: Temporal Study of Postpartum Adaptation in Dairy Cows
	23.1 Introduction
	23.2 Material and Methods
		23.2.1 Samples
		23.2.2 NIR Spectra Acquisition
		23.2.3 Data Preprocessing and Analysis
	23.3 Results and Discussion
		23.3.1 NIR Spectra of Milk
		23.3.2 Generalized 2D-Correlation Analysis: Near-Infrared Spectra of Milk
		23.3.3 Generalized 2D-Correlation Analysis: Milk Constituents
	23.4 Conclusions
	References
Part VI Functional Studies of Dairy Cows
24 Two-Dimensional Near-Infrared Correlation Spectroscopy of an Individual Cow’s Milk for Functional Study of Somatic Cell Count Changes in Milk
	24.1 Introduction
	24.2 Material and Methods
	24.3 Analysis
		24.3.1 Data Sectioning and Preprocessing
		24.3.2 Correlation Analysis
	24.4 Results and Discussion
	24.5 Conclusions
	References
25 Wavelet Transform of Near-Infrared Individual Cow’s Milk for Single-Spectrum Mastitis Diagnosis
	25.1 Introduction
	25.2 Material and Methods
		25.2.1 Samples
		25.2.2 Reference Analysis
		25.2.3 NIR Spectra Acquisition
		25.2.4 Data Analysis
	25.3 Results and Discussion
	25.4 Conclusions
	References
26 Artificial Neural Network Applied to Near-Infrared Spectra of Raw Milk for Dairy Cow Feeding Management
	26.1 Introduction
	26.2 Experimental
		26.2.1 Feeding Experiments and Milk Samples
		26.2.2 NIR Spectra Acquisition
		26.2.3 Reference Analysis
		26.2.4 Neural Network
	26.3 Results and Discussion
	26.4 Conclusions
	References
27 Artificial Intelligence in Dairy Farming: The Near-Infrared Approach
	27.1 Introduction
	27.2 Material and Methods
		27.2.1 Samples
		27.2.2 NIR Spectra Acquisition
		27.2.3 Reference Analysis
		27.2.4 Data Analysis
	27.3 Results and Discussion
	27.4 Conclusions
	References
Part VII Conclusion and Future Perspectives
28 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
	References