Aquaculture Engineering

Aquaculture Engineering......Page 5
Copyright......Page 6
Contents......Page 7
Preface......Page 17
1.2 Classification of aquaculture......Page 19
1.3.1 Land-based hatchery and juvenile production farm......Page 20
1.3.2 On-growing sea cage farm......Page 22
1.4 Future trends: increased importance of aquaculture engineering......Page 23
References......Page 24
2.2.1 Pipes......Page 25
2.2.2 Valves......Page 29
2.2.4 Pipe connections: jointing......Page 30
2.2.5 Mooring of pipes......Page 31
2.2.6 Ditches for pipes......Page 32
2.3.1 Water flow......Page 33
2.3.2 Head loss in pipelines......Page 34
2.3.3 Head loss in single parts (fittings)......Page 36
2.4.2 Some definitions......Page 37
2.4.3 Pumping of water requires energy......Page 40
2.4.4 Centrifugal and propeller pumps......Page 41
2.4.5 Pump performance curves and working point for centrifugal pumps......Page 44
2.4.6 Change of water flow or pressure......Page 46
2.4.7 Regulation of flow from selected pumps......Page 47
References......Page 49
3.2 Inlet water......Page 50
3.3 Outlet water......Page 51
3.4 Water treatment......Page 53
References......Page 54
4.2.1 Overview of fish metabolism......Page 55
4.2.2 The energy budget......Page 56
4.3.1 What are the impurities in water?......Page 57
4.3.2 Phosphorus removal: an example......Page 59
References......Page 60
5.2 Definitions......Page 61
5.4 pH of different water sources......Page 62
5.6.1 Lime......Page 63
5.6.3 Lye or hydroxides......Page 65
References......Page 66
6.1 Introduction......Page 68
6.3 Methods for particle removal in fish farming......Page 69
6.3.1 Mechanical filters and microscreens......Page 70
6.3.2 Depth filtration: granular medium filters......Page 73
6.3.3 Settling or gravity filters......Page 76
6.3.4 Integrated treatment systems......Page 78
6.5 Purification efficiency......Page 80
6.6 Dual drain tank......Page 81
References......Page 82
7.1 Introduction......Page 84
7.1.1 Surface tension, cohesion and adhesion......Page 86
7.1.2 Surfactants......Page 88
7.2 Mechanisms for attachment and removal......Page 89
7.2.1 Attachment of particles to rising bubbles by collision, typically in flotation......Page 90
7.2.2 Improving colloid and particle removal rates: pretreatment......Page 91
7.2.3 Attachment of surface-active substances, typically in protein skimmers......Page 96
7.3.2 Methods for bubble generation......Page 98
7.3.3 Bubble size......Page 100
7.4.1 What is foam?......Page 101
7.4.2 Foam stability......Page 102
7.6 Use of bubble columns in aquaculture......Page 103
7.7.1 What is removed in inlet or effluent aquaculture water with the use of protein skimmers?......Page 104
7.7.2 Factors affecting the efficiency of protein skimming in aquaculture......Page 105
7.7.4 Bubble fractionation......Page 107
7.8.1 Protein skimmers: principles and design......Page 108
7.8.3 Flotation plant......Page 110
7.8.4 Important factors affecting design of a DAF plant......Page 111
References......Page 113
8.1 History and use......Page 117
8.2 What is membrane filtration?......Page 118
8.3 Classification of membrane filters......Page 119
8.4 Flow pattern......Page 121
8.5 Membrane shape/geometry......Page 122
8.6 Membrane construction/morphology......Page 123
8.8 Membrane materials......Page 124
8.9 Fouling......Page 125
8.11 Design and dimensioning of membrane filtration plants......Page 126
References......Page 130
9.2 Dewatering of sludge......Page 132
9.4 Composting of the sludge: aerobic decomposition......Page 133
9.5 Fermentation and biogas production: anaerobic decomposition......Page 135
References......Page 136
10.1 Introduction......Page 138
10.2.3 Watson’s law......Page 139
10.3.2 Mode of action......Page 140
10.3.3 Design......Page 141
10.3.4 Design specification......Page 142
10.4.2 Mode of action......Page 143
10.4.3 Design specification......Page 144
10.4.5 Special problems......Page 145
10.4.6 Measuring ozone content......Page 146
10.5.1 Redox potential......Page 147
10.5.2 Methods utilizing AOT......Page 148
10.6.3 Chlorine......Page 149
References......Page 150
11.2 Heating requires energy......Page 152
11.3 Methods for heating water......Page 153
11.4.1 Immersion heaters......Page 154
11.4.2 Oil and gas burners......Page 155
11.5.2 How is the heat transferred?......Page 156
11.5.3 Factors affecting heat transfer......Page 157
11.5.4 Important parameters when calculating the size of heat exchangers......Page 158
11.5.5 Types of heat exchanger......Page 159
11.5.7 Materials in heat exchangers......Page 162
11.5.8 Fouling......Page 163
11.6.2 Construction and function of a heat pump......Page 164
11.6.3 Log pressure–enthalpy (p–H)......Page 165
11.6.5 Installations of heat pumps......Page 166
11.7 Composite heating systems......Page 167
11.8 Chilling of water......Page 171
References......Page 172
12.2 Gases in water......Page 173
12.3.1 Equilibrium......Page 175
12.3.2 Gas transfer......Page 176
12.4.1 Basic principles......Page 177
12.4.2 Evaluation criteria......Page 178
12.4.3 Example of designs for different types of aerator......Page 179
12.5 Oxygenation of water......Page 183
12.7.1 Basic principles......Page 184
12.7.2 Where to install the injection system......Page 185
12.7.3 Evaluation of methods for injecting oxygen gas......Page 186
12.7.4 Examples of oxygen injection system designs......Page 187
12.9 Sources of oxygen......Page 190
12.9.2 Liquid oxygen......Page 191
12.9.4 Selection of source......Page 193
References......Page 195
13.2 Biological removal of ammonium ion......Page 197
13.3 Nitrification......Page 198
13.4 Construction of nitrification filters......Page 199
13.4.1 Flow-through system......Page 200
13.4.3 Rotating biofilter (biodrum)......Page 201
13.4.4 Moving bed bioreactor (MBBR)......Page 202
13.5 Management of biological filters......Page 203
13.7 Denitrification......Page 204
13.8.2 Construction......Page 205
References......Page 206
14.2.1 Advantages of re-use systems......Page 208
14.3.1 Degree of re-use......Page 209
14.3.2 Water exchange in relation to amount of fish......Page 210
14.4.2 Water requirements of the system......Page 211
14.4.3 Connection between outlet concentration, degree of re-use and effectiveness of the water treatment system......Page 213
14.5 Components in a re-use system......Page 214
14.6 Design of a re-use system......Page 215
References......Page 218
15.3 Re-use of water: an interesting topic......Page 219
15.4.2 Biological purification of water: some basics......Page 221
15.4.3 Examples of systems utilizing photoautotrophic organisms: aquaponics......Page 222
15.4.4 Examples of systems utilizing heterotrophic bacteria: active sludge and bioflocs......Page 223
15.4.5 The biofloc system......Page 224
References......Page 226
16.2.1 Intensive/extensive......Page 228
16.2.3 Land based/tidal based/sea based......Page 231
16.2.4 Other......Page 232
16.3 Possibilities for controlling environmental impact......Page 233
17.1 Introduction......Page 234
17.2.1 The incubator......Page 235
17.2.3 Water outlet......Page 236
17.3.1 Systems where the eggs lie in the same unit from spawning to fry ready for start feeding......Page 237
17.3.2 Systems where the eggs must be removed before hatching......Page 239
References......Page 241
18.2 Types of closed production unit......Page 242
18.3 How much water should be supplied?......Page 244
18.4 Water exchange rate......Page 245
18.6 Tank design......Page 246
18.7 Flow pattern and self-cleaning......Page 249
18.8 Water inlet design......Page 251
18.9 Water outlet or drain......Page 253
References......Page 255
19.2 The ecosystem......Page 257
19.3 Different production ponds......Page 258
19.4.1 Construction principles......Page 259
19.4.2 Drainable or non-drainable......Page 260
19.6 Site selection......Page 261
19.7 Water supply......Page 262
19.9 The outlet: drainage......Page 263
References......Page 265
20.1 Introduction......Page 267
20.2 Site selection......Page 268
20.3.1 Waves......Page 269
20.3.3 Current......Page 275
20.4 Construction of sea cages......Page 277
20.4.2 Weighting and stretching......Page 278
20.4.3 Net bags......Page 280
20.4.4 Breakwaters......Page 281
20.4.5 Examples of cage constructions......Page 282
20.5 Mooring systems......Page 284
20.5.1 Design of the mooring system......Page 285
20.5.2 Description of the single components in a pre-stressed mooring system......Page 287
20.6 Calculation of forces on a sea cage farm......Page 292
20.6.1 Types of force......Page 293
20.6.2 Calculation of current forces......Page 294
20.6.3 Calculation of wave forces......Page 297
20.7.1 Mooring analysis......Page 298
20.7.2 Calculation of sizes for mooring lines......Page 299
References......Page 301
21.1.4 Feeding system requirements......Page 304
21.2.3 Demand feeders......Page 305
21.2.4 Automatic feeders......Page 307
21.2.5 Feeding systems......Page 311
21.3 Feed control......Page 313
21.5 Dynamic feeding systems......Page 314
References......Page 315
22.2.1 Why move the fish?......Page 317
22.2.2 Why size grade?......Page 318
22.3 Negative effects of handling the fish......Page 322
22.4.1 Moving fish with a supply of external energy......Page 323
22.4.2 Methods for moving fish without the need for external energy......Page 333
22.5.1 Equipment for grading that requires an energy supply......Page 334
References......Page 344
23.2 Preparation for transport......Page 346
23.3.2 The tank......Page 347
23.3.3 Supply of oxygen......Page 348
23.3.5 Density......Page 349
23.4.2 The well......Page 350
23.4.3 Density......Page 351
23.4.5 Recent trends in well boat technology......Page 352
23.5 Air transport......Page 353
23.7 Cleaning and re-use of water......Page 354
References......Page 355
24.1 Introduction......Page 357
24.3 Instruments for measuring water quality......Page 358
24.3.2 Measuring oxygen content of the water......Page 359
24.3.5 Measuring total gas pressure and nitrogen saturation......Page 360
24.3.6 Other......Page 361
24.4.1 Measuring the water flow......Page 362
24.4.3 Measuring water level......Page 365
24.5.1 Counting fish......Page 367
24.5.2 Measuring fish size and total fish biomass......Page 368
24.6 Monitoring systems......Page 370
24.6.2 Monitoring centre......Page 371
24.6.3 Warning equipment......Page 372
References......Page 373
25.2.1 Types......Page 375
25.2.3 Roof design......Page 376
25.4 Materials......Page 377
25.7 Foundations and ground conditions......Page 380
25.8.2 Walls......Page 381
25.9 Ventilation and climate control......Page 382
References......Page 384
26.2.2 Water intake and transfer......Page 385
26.2.3 Water treatment department......Page 395
26.2.4 Production rooms......Page 396
26.2.8 Outlet water treatment......Page 401
26.2.9 Important equipment......Page 402
26.3.1 General......Page 403
26.3.3 The cages and the fixed equipment......Page 405
26.3.4 The base station......Page 408
26.3.5 Net handling......Page 409
26.3.6 Boat......Page 410
References......Page 411
27.2 The planning process......Page 412
27.4 Production plan......Page 413
27.6 Necessary analyses......Page 415
27.7 Drawing up alternative solutions......Page 416
27.10 Function test of the plant......Page 417
References......Page 420
Index......Page 421