Applied transport economics: policy, management & decision making

Contents......Page 6
About the Author......Page 12
Acknowledgements......Page 14
Introduction......Page 16
TRANSPORT AS A DERIVED DEMAND......Page 20
FACTORS DETERMINING DEMAND......Page 21
CASE STUDY 1: URBAN BUS OPERATIONS......Page 30
DEMAND PATTERNS NOT INFLUENCED BY OPERATORS......Page 32
PEAK DEMAND......Page 36
REFERENCES......Page 49
PRICE ELASTICITY OF DEMAND......Page 51
CASE STUDY 1: TRANSATLANTIC FARES......Page 52
CASE STUDY 2: COACH/RAIL COMPETITION......Page 54
CASE STUDY 3: LONDON COMMUTERS......Page 65
THE MEASUREMENT OF PRICE ELASTICITY......Page 72
INCOME ELASTICITY......Page 79
CASE STUDY 4: ANALYSIS OF EUROSTAR AND
EUROTUNNEL MARKETS, 1992–97......Page 85
FACTORS DETERMINING THE MAGNITUDE OF
ELASTICITY......Page 98
REFERENCES
......Page 100
INTRODUCTION......Page 104
ELASTICITY OF SUPPLY......Page 106
REFERENCES......Page 109
PRICE DISCRIMINATION......Page 110
CASE STUDY 1: RAILWAYS – MARKET
SEGMENTATION/PRICE DISCRIMINATION......Page 116
CASE STUDY 2: AIRLINE PRICING......Page 126
CASE STUDY 3: THE LOW COST AIRLINE MARKET
(EUROPE)......Page 129
CASE STUDY 4: MA AIRWAYS LTD......Page 136
SOLUTIONS FOR LOW PROFITABILITY AND LOSS
OF MARKET SHARE......Page 141
CASE STUDY 5: EUROSTAR......Page 149
COACH PRICING......Page 150
BUS PRICING......Page 152
CASE STUDY 6: UNDER-18 MARKET......Page 154
REFERENCES......Page 159
FURTHER READING......Page 160
PRICE VERSUS QUALITY......Page 161
BUS OPERATING COSTS......Page 162
REFERENCES......Page 176
6 Cost Levels and Structure – Railways......Page 178
THE PRIVATISED/DISAGGREGATED RAILWAY......Page 185
CASE STUDY 1: COSTING THE INTEGRATED
RAILWAY – A LESSON FOR ‘NEW’ (2004)
EU MEMBER STATES......Page 187
CASE STUDY 2: AVOIDABLE COST (RAILWAYS)......Page 190
REFERENCES......Page 197
7 Cost Levels and Structure – Airlines......Page 198
REFERENCES......Page 212
ECONOMIC FORECASTING......Page 214
CASE STUDY 1: FORECASTING BUS COSTS AND
REVENUE IN A SHIRE COUNTY FUNDING CONTEXT......Page 216
CASE STUDY 2: THE IMPACT OF CHANNEL
TUNNEL INTERNATIONAL TRAINS ON DOMESTIC
COMMUTER SERVICES......Page 222
CASE STUDY 3: ROAD TRAFFIC FORECASTING –
MACRO ECONOMIC FORECASTS......Page 232
CASE STUDY 4: FORECASTING RAIL PASSENGER
DEMAND – ELEMENTS IN THE MODEL......Page 235
CASE STUDY 5: FORECASTING FOR AN
INTEGRATED TRANSPORT POLICY......Page 238
CASE STUDY 6: FORECASTING AIR TRAFFIC DEMAND......Page 240
CASE STUDY 7: EUROTUNNEL: FORECASTS OF
FREIGHT AND PASSENGER TRAFFIC......Page 245
REFERENCES......Page 250
THE ARGUMENT FOR GOVERNMENT
INVESTMENT IN PUBLIC TRANSPORT......Page 256
COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS......Page 258
CASE STUDY 1: COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS OF BUS
SUBSIDY......Page 274
CASE STUDY 2: GREAT BRITAIN – CENTRAL
LONDON RAIL STUDY......Page 276
CASE STUDY 3: GREAT BRITAIN – STRATEGIC RAIL
AUTHORITY......Page 279
CASE STUDY 4: EUROPEAN COMMISSION –
SOCIALLY NECESSARY RAILWAY SERVICES......Page 287
CASE STUDY 5: SWEDEN – RAIL INFRASTRUCTURE
COMPANY, BANVERKET (BV)......Page 295
CASE STUDY 6: GERMANY – FEDERAL TRAFFIC
INFRASTRUCTURE PLAN......Page 296
CASE STUDY 7: THE NETHERLANDS – RAIL
SERVICE EVALUATION......Page 298
CASE STUDY 8: EUROPEAN BANK FOR
RECONSTRUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT (EBRD)......Page 300
REFERENCES......Page 305
FURTHER READING......Page 308
AN APPROPRIATE EVALUATION TECHNIQUE......Page 310
ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS IN NEW
INFRASTRUCTURE (ROAD, RAIL, AIRPORTS)
INVESTMENT......Page 324
DEFINITION OF THE ENVIRONMENT......Page 329
TRANSPORT INVESTMENT AREAS......Page 331
CASE STUDY 1: THE VALUATION OF TIME SAVINGS......Page 332
CASE STUDY 2: WINNERS AND LOSERS......Page 336
CASE STUDY 3: PRIVATE CAPITAL SCHEMES......Page 339
CASE STUDY 4: ROAD PRICING: MARKET FORCES
IN PUBLIC POLICY......Page 342
REFERENCES......Page 343
PPP FUNDING – ADDITIONAL INVESTMENT OR A
SUBSTITUTE FOR PUBLIC SECTOR INVESTMENT?......Page 347
VALUE FOR MONEY......Page 348
PRIVATE SECTOR ENTHUSIASM FOR PPPs......Page 349
SOLUTIONS TO PRIMARY PRIVATE SECTOR
CONCERNS......Page 351
ANALYSIS OF BIDDERS’VIEWS......Page 352
FINANCIAL APPRAISAL VERSUS COST BENEFIT
ANALYSIS......Page 353
CASE STUDY 1: FUNDING A PPP SCHEME (MAJOR
URBAN RAILWAY)......Page 354
CASE STUDY 2: EAST WEST CROSSRAIL (LONDON)......Page 355
CASE STUDY 3: MANCHESTER METROLINK......Page 356
CBA/FA IN TEN PPPs – SOME CURRENT VIEWS......Page 357
CASE STUDY 4: SPEED RAISING PROPOSALS FOR
REGIONAL TRAINS AND INTER CITY LINKS
BETWEEN REGIONS WITHIN THE EUROPEAN
UNION......Page 358
REFERENCES......Page 361
12 Funding an Integrated Transport Policy......Page 362
DEFINITION OF AN INTEGRATED TRANSPORT
POLICY......Page 363
GOVERNANCE OF AN INTEGRATED TRANSPORT
POLICY......Page 365
APPLICATION OF AN INTEGRATED TRANSPORT
POLICY......Page 366
THE 4 I’s......Page 369
THE EUROPEAN UNION CONTEXT......Page 372
EUROPEAN UNION POLICY......Page 373
THE CONGESTION PROBLEM......Page 374
MARKET FORCES AND AN INTEGRATED
TRANSPORT POLICY......Page 378
EVALUATION AND FINANCING OF RAILWAY AND
ROAD INVESTMENT WITHIN AN INTEGRATED
TRANSPORT POLICY......Page 381
COST BENEFIT/MULTICRITERIA EVALUATION......Page 388
CONCLUSION......Page 395
REFERENCES......Page 396
INTRODUCTION......Page 399
THE UK BUS MARKET......Page 400
EFFECTS OF DEREGULATION......Page 401
CONCERNS ABOUT A DEREGULATION POLICY......Page 403
A SUPPLY-SIDE COMPETITIVE FRANCHISING
SYSTEM......Page 411
REFERENCES......Page 414
THE NEED FOR TRANSPORT......Page 418
TRANSPORT AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF 19TH
CENTURY LONDON......Page 419
METROLAND......Page 423
ECONOMIC IMPACT OF THE RAILWAYS OUTSIDE
LONDON......Page 427
CONCLUSION......Page 429
REFERENCES......Page 430
OPTIONS FOR GROWTH......Page 431
FORMS OF STATE AID......Page 432
GOVERNMENT POLICY IN BRITAIN AND IN
IRELAND......Page 433
THE ATLANTIC ARC......Page 435
LOCATION CRITERIA – THE POSITION OF
TRANSPORT......Page 436
DO ROADS REALLY BRING ECONOMIC SUCCESS?......Page 439
POLICY IN OTHER EU MEMBER STATES......Page 443
CONCLUSION......Page 444
REFERENCES......Page 446
Index......Page 450