Applied Inorganic Chemistry

Cover
Half Title
Also of interest
Applied Inorganic Chemistry. Volume 1: From Construction Materials to Technical Gases
Copyright
Preface
Contents
List of contributors
1. Construction materials and coatings
	1.1 Basics of cement chemistry
		1.1.1 Portland cement clinker
		1.1.2 Clinker production: the chemical composition of the raw meal
		1.1.3 Raw material for the clinker production: extraction and processing
		1.1.4 Clinker burning process: the chemical transformation
		1.1.5 Clinker burning process: the importance of the melt
		1.1.6 Clinker cooling process
		1.1.7 Portland cement production
		1.1.8 Other cement constituents
		1.1.9 Ground granulated blast furnace slag
		1.1.10 Artificial pozzolan: fly ash
		1.1.11 Natural pozzolans
		1.1.12 Quality assurance and process control in modern cement plants [36, 37]
		1.1.13 Energy consumption in cement production
		References
	1.2 Inorganic insulation materials
		1.2.1 Glass wool, stone wool and mineral wool
		1.2.2 Calcium silicate
		1.2.3 Cellular glass
		1.2.4 Pumice, vermiculite and perlite
		1.2.5 Aerogels
		1.2.6 Conclusion
		References
	1.3 Conservation: silicon chemistry in building protection
		1.3.1 Weathering
		1.3.2 Damage due to moisture
		1.3.3 Conservation
		1.3.4 Organosilicon active substances in building protection
		1.3.5 The water-repellent adjustment of facade surfaces
		1.3.6 Effect of hydrophobic impregnations
		1.3.7 On the reaction of the organosilicon agents
		1.3.8 Active ingredient performance: not all impregnates are created equal
		1.3.9 Types of commercially available products
		1.3.10 Stone strengthening
		1.3.11 Stone strengthening with water glass solutions
		1.3.12 The silicic acid ester process
		1.3.13 “Classic” stone strengtheners
		1.3.14 Limits of “classic” stone strengtheners
		1.3.15 The elastification of stone strengtheners
		References
	1.4 Inorganic pigments
		1.4.1 Titanium dioxide and other white pigments
		1.4.2 Colored pigments
			1.4.2.1 Iron oxides
			1.4.2.2 Chromium(III) oxide
			1.4.2.3 Blue pigments
			1.4.2.4 Further pigments
		1.4.3 Fillers
		References
	1.5 Anodized aluminum and particle coatings
		1.5.1 Anodized aluminum
			1.5.1.1 Anodic oxidation
			1.5.1.2 Hard-anodizing of aluminum
			1.5.1.3 Coloring of anodic oxide layers
			1.5.1.4 Compacting/sealing
			1.5.1.5 Hot water sealing
			1.5.1.6 Sealing with steam
			1.5.1.7 Cold impregnation
		1.5.2 Particle coatings
			1.5.2.1 Particle coatings to reduce device degradation
			1.5.2.2 Particle coating techniques
		1.5.3 Summary
		References
	1.6 Vitreous enamel
		1.6.1 The material enamel, terms and definitions
		1.6.2 Durability, sustainability, physiological harmlessness and circular economy
		1.6.3 Chemistry of vitreous enamel
		1.6.4 The stratified layer construction
		1.6.5 Adherence to the substrates and development of tensions
		1.6.6 Opacifying and coloring enamel
		1.6.7 Applications of enamel
		1.6.8 Enamelled products with advantageous combinations of material properties
		References
	1.7 Flame retardants
		1.7.1 Introduction
		1.7.2 Fire development and FR-mode of action
			1.7.2.1 Ignition sources
		1.7.3 Flame retardants
		1.7.4 Modes of action
			1.7.4.1 Ablative flame retardants
			1.7.4.2 Radical-inhibiting flame retardants/gas-phase active flame retardants
			1.7.4.3 Halogenated flame retardants
			1.7.4.4 Red phosphorous
			1.7.4.5 Aluminum hypophosphite (AHP)
			1.7.4.6 Char-forming flame retardants/active in condensed phase
			1.7.4.7 Ammonium (poly)phosphates
			1.7.4.8 Borates
			1.7.4.9 Zinc stannate
			1.7.4.10 Carbon-based nanomaterials
			1.7.4.11 Clay nanocomposites
			1.7.4.12 Intumescent flame retardants (formulations)
			1.7.4.13 Expandable graphite
		1.7.5 Outlook and challenges
			1.7.5.1 Incorporation and compatibilization
			1.7.5.2 Sustainability, persistence and recyclability
			1.7.5.3 Exposure
		References
2. Metals and intermetallics
	2.1 Resources: ores, recycling and urban mining
		2.1.1 Reserves, resources, criticality: do we need all these terms?
		References
	2.2 Special steels and alloys for industrial use
		2.2.1 Introduction
		2.2.2 Selected industrial application fields for stainless steels, special steels and alloys
		2.2.3 Description of metallurgical aspects in special steels and alloys
			2.2.3.1 Influence of alloyed elements on corrosion properties
			2.2.3.2 Sigma-phase as an example for the influence of secondary phases to the properties of a super austenitic 6-Mo steel
			2.2.3.3 Laboratory corrosion testing
			2.2.3.4 Influence of alloyed elements to mechanical properties
				2.2.3.4.1 Solid solution strengthening
				2.2.3.4.2 Carbide/carbo-nitride strengthening
				2.2.3.4.3 Grain size strengthening
				2.2.3.4.4 Cold working
				2.2.3.4.5 Precipitation hardening
		2.2.4 Composition and microstructures of stainless steels and special steels
			2.2.4.1 Nominal chemical composition of wrought stainless steels
			2.2.4.2 Application areas of selected stainless steels
			2.2.4.3 High-performance alloys (HPA), composition and microstructures
			2.2.4.4 Nominal chemical composition of selected wrought nickel alloys
		2.2.5 Industrial applications of alloys
			2.2.5.1 Super austenitic 6-Mo steels
			2.2.5.2 Alloy 926
			2.2.5.3 Alloy 31 Plus
		2.2.6 Nickel alloys
		2.2.7 Nickel and nickel alloys for wet corrosion applications
			2.2.7.1 Nickel (unalloyed)
			2.2.7.2 Alloy 825
			2.2.7.3 Alloy 625
			2.2.7.4 Alloy 59
			2.2.7.5 Alloy C-276
			2.2.7.6 Alloy 2120 MoN
			2.2.7.7 Nickel-molybdenum
			2.2.7.8 High-temperature nickel alloys
				2.2.7.8.1 Alloy N08120
				2.2.7.8.2 Alloy 602 CA
				2.2.7.8.3 Age-hardenable alloys for offshore service
				2.2.7.8.4 Alloy 718 (oilgrade)
				2.2.7.8.5 Alloy 925
		References
	2.3 Metallic light-weight alloys: Al, Ti, Mg
		2.3.1 Aluminum-based alloys
			2.3.1.1 Applications
			2.3.1.2 Advantages
			2.3.1.3 Aluminum production
			2.3.1.4 Mechanical properties
			2.3.1.5 Alloys
		2.3.2 Titanium-based alloys
			2.3.2.1 Applications
			2.3.2.2 Advantages
			2.3.2.3 Titanium production
			2.3.2.4 Mechanical properties
			2.3.2.5 Alloys
		2.3.3 Magnesium-based alloys
			2.3.3.1 Applications
			2.3.3.2 Advantages
			2.3.3.3 Magnesium production
			2.3.3.4 Alloys
			2.3.3.5 Mechanical properties
		References
	2.4 Copper and copper alloys [1]
		2.4.1 Copper cathode
		2.4.2 Species of pure copper
			2.4.2.1 ETP-Copper
			2.4.2.2 Oxygen-free copper (OF-Copper)
			2.4.2.3 Phosphorus deoxidized copper (Cu-OF-XLP, Cu-HCP, SE-Copper)
			2.4.2.4 Phosphorus containing copper (DHP-Copper, DLP-P Copper)
			2.4.2.5 Low alloyed copper
		2.4.3 Copper alloys
			2.4.3.1 Brass
			2.4.3.2 Bronze
				2.4.3.2.1 Phosphorus bronze
				2.4.3.2.2 Red bronze
				2.4.3.2.3 Other bronzes
			2.4.3.3 Copper nickel alloys
			2.4.3.4 High-performance alloys (HPA)
		2.4.4 Shapes and products of copper and copper alloys
			2.4.4.1 Copper wire rod
			2.4.4.2 Billets (round bars)
			2.4.4.3 Cakes (slabs)
			2.4.4.4 Important products of copper and copper alloys
				2.4.4.4.1 Wires and cables
				2.4.4.4.2 Tubes
				2.4.4.4.3 Profiles, bars and rod
				2.4.4.4.4 Strips and sheets
			2.4.4.5 Copper powder
		References
	2.5 Solder materials in electronics
		2.5.1 Introduction
		2.5.2 SMD Assembly Technology (SMT Technology)
		2.5.3 Solder powders
		2.5.4 Fluxes
		2.5.5 Alloys
		2.5.6 Summary
		References
	2.6 Metallic coatings
		2.6.1 Vapor deposition
		2.6.2 Diffusion coatings
		2.6.3 Electroplated coatings
		2.6.4 Electroless plating
		2.6.5 Hot-dip coatings
		2.6.6 Metal spray coatings
		2.6.7 Plating
		2.6.8 Overlay welding/brazing
		2.6.9 Summary
		References
	2.7 Be and Be alloys
		2.7.1 Metallic Be
			2.7.1.1 Physical and mechanical properties
			2.7.1.2 Beryllium production
			2.7.1.3 Applications
		2.7.2 Be alloys
			2.7.2.1 Applications
			2.7.2.2 Alloys
		References
	2.8 Metals for implants and prosthesis
		References
	2.9 Precious metals
		2.9.1 Primary production and recycling
		2.9.2 Main applications in industry
		2.9.3 Catalytic converters
		2.9.4 Fuel cells and electrolyzers
		2.9.5 Heterogeneous catalysis in chemistry and petrochemistry
		2.9.6 Homogeneous catalysis in chemistry and pharmacy
		References
	2.10 Shape memory alloys
		2.10.1 Brief history
		2.10.2 Phase transitions
		2.10.3 Different shape-memory effects
		2.10.4 Classes of materials
		2.10.5 Application fields
			2.10.5.1 Transportation & construction
			2.10.5.2 MEMS and robotics
			2.10.5.3 Biomedical
			2.10.5.4 Miscellaneous
		References
	2.11 Bulk metallic glasses
		2.11.1 Brief history
		2.11.2 General understanding, synthesis and structure
		2.11.3 Properties and applications
		References
3. Technical glasses
	3.1 Ultra-strong glasses and glass-ceramics and bioactive materials
		3.1.1 Introduction
		3.1.2 The glassy state: definition and characteristics
			3.1.2.1 Thermodynamic aspects
			3.1.2.2 Chemical aspects
			3.1.2.3 Structural aspects
			3.1.2.4 Glass ceramics
		3.1.3 Economic significance of glasses
			3.1.3.1 Historical trajectory and current high-market-share uses
			3.1.3.2 Markets for specialty glasses
		3.1.4 Glass science and technology
			3.1.4.1 Glass property predictions
			3.1.4.2 Mechanically ultra-strong glasses and glass-ceramics
			3.1.4.3 Bioactive glasses and glass-ceramics
		References
	3.2 Special glasses for optical and electrical device applications
		3.2.1 Introduction
		3.2.2 Glasses and glass-ceramics for electrical device applications
			3.2.2.1 Fast ion-conducting glasses and glass-ceramics
			3.2.2.2 Glasses for solid-state memory devices
			3.2.2.3 Glass sealings in high-power semiconductors
		3.2.3 Glasses for optical device applications
			3.2.3.1 Optical fibers for light transmission
			3.2.3.2 Glasses for optical lenses
				3.2.3.2.1 Strategy to fight chromatic aberrations
				3.2.3.2.2 Strategy to fight spherical aberrations
				3.2.3.2.3 The unsatisfiable dream of optic designers
				3.2.3.2.4 The Sellmeier series for the dispersion of the refractive index
			3.2.3.3 Filter glasses
			3.2.3.4 Photonic and laser glasses
		References
	3.3 Glass fibers
		3.3.1 Production, chemistry and properties of glass fibers
		3.3.2 Technical textiles and applications
			3.3.2.1 Thermal and electric insulation
			3.3.2.2 Automotive application
			3.3.2.3 Further applications
		References
4. Technical gases
	4.1 Hydrogen
	4.2 Nitrogen and oxygen
	4.3 Helium, argon and the heavy noble gases
	4.4 Fluorine and chlorine
	4.5 Carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide
	4.6 Ammonia
	4.7 Nitrogen oxides
	4.8 Sulfur hexafluoride
	4.9 Hydrogen sulfide
	4.10 Sulfur dioxide
	4.11 Carbon tetrafluoride
	4.12 Technical gases for semiconductor doping
	4.13 Silane SiH4, disilane Si2H6 and dichlorosilane SiH2Cl2
	References
Subject index
Formula index