Applied Head and Neck Anatomy for the Facial Cosmetic Surgeon

Foreword
Contents
Contributors
Part I: Local Anesthesia for Cosmetic Procedures
	1: Overview of Local Anesthesia
		Introduction
			History of Local Anesthetics
			Rationale for Local Anesthetic Use
			Side Effects and Complications
		Local Anesthetics: Pharmacology
			Mechanism of Action
			Molecular Structure
			Potency
			Onset
			Duration of Action
			Metabolism and Elimination
			Topical Anesthesia
		Vasoconstrictors: Pharmacology
			Benefits of Vasoconstrictors
			Risks of Vasoconstrictors
			Vasoconstrictor Agents and Preparation
			Vasoconstrictor Concentrations
			Pharmacodynamics
				Epinephrine
				Levonordefrin
			Pharmacokinetics
				Epinephrine and Levonordefrin
		Common Local Anesthetic Agents
			Lidocaine
			Articaine
			Bupivacaine
			Mepivacaine
			Prilocaine
		Advances in Local Anesthesia
			Ultrasound Guidance
			Elastomeric Infusion Pumps
			Liposomal-Encapsulated Bupivacaine (Exparel®)
			Kovanaze™
		References
	2: Intraoral Maxillary Local Anesthesia Techniques
		Introduction
		Armamentarium
		Basic Injection Techniques
		Anatomy of the Maxillary Division (V2) of the Trigeminal Nerve
		Supraperiosteal Injection
		Posterior Alveolar Nerve Block
		Infraorbital Nerve Block
		Greater Palatine Nerve Block
		Nasopalatine Nerve Block
		Maxillary Nerve Block
		Summary
		References
	3: Intraoral Local Mandibular Anesthesia
		Introduction
		General Injection Principles
			Anesthesia Basics
			Improving Patient Comfort
		Mandibular Block Techniques
			Inferior Alveolar Nerve Block (IANB) [3, 5]
			Long Buccal Nerve Block (Supplemental to IANB)
			Gow-Gates Mandibular Nerve Block
			Vazirani-Akinosi Nerve Block
		Accessory Mandibular Nerve Blocks
			Incisive Nerve Block
			Mylohyoid Block
		Intraosseous
		Summary
		References
	4: Transfacial Local Anesthesia Techniques
		Introduction
		Ophthalmic Nerve (V1) Blocks
			Technique
				Supraorbital and Supratrochlear Nerve Blocks
		Maxillary Nerve (V2) Blocks
			Technique
				Maxillary Nerve Block
					Infrazygomatic Approach to Maxillary Nerve Blockade
				Suprazygomatic Approach to Maxillary Nerve Blockade
				Anterior Superior Alveolar Nerve Block (Also Known as the Infraorbital Nerve Block)
		Mandibular Nerve (V3) Blocks
			Technique
				Mandibular Nerve Block
				Mental Nerve Block
		Field Block for the Ear
		Field Block for the Nose
		Summary
		References
	5: Cervical (Neck) Local Anesthesia Techniques
		Introduction
		Armamentarium
		Superficial Cervical (C2, C3) Block
			Anatomy of the Cervical Plexus and Dermatome Distribution
				Technique for Superficial Cervical Block
		Mental Nerve Block
			Anatomy of the Trigeminal Nerve (CN V)
				Technique for the Mental Nerve Block
				Transcutaneous Approach
				Transoral Approach
		Chondrolaryngoplasty
			Anatomy of Larynx
		Summary
		References
	6: Management of Local Anesthetic Complications
		Introduction
		Systemic Complications
			Psychogenic Reactions
			Local Anesthetic Toxicity
			Acquired Methemoglobinemia
			Allergy
			Complications with Use of Vasoconstrictor Additives
			Potential Adverse Drug Interactions with Vasoconstrictors
		Local Complications
			Local Anesthetic Failure
			Injection Pain and Transient Facial Blanching
			Vascular Injury
			Unintended Nerve Involvement (Paresthesia and Palsy)
			Nerve Injury Following Local Anesthetic Injection
			Ophthalmologic Complications
			Localized Tissue Injury
			Needle Breakage
			Trismus
		Summary
		References
Part II: Regional Anatomy
	7: Anatomy of the Integumentary System
		Overview
		Epidermis
		Dermis
		Epidermal Derivatives
			Hair Follicles
			Eccrine Sweat Glands
			Apocrine Sweat Glands
			Sebaceous Glands
		Innervation of the Skin
		Tissue Layers of the Scalp
		Changes in Aging Skin
		Benign Neoplasms
	8: Anatomy of the Periorbital Region
		Superficial Anatomy of the Periorbital Region
		Osteology of the Orbit
		The Musculature of the Periorbital Region and the Orbit
			Muscles of the Glabellar Region (Fig. 8.5)
			Muscles of the Orbit
		The Vasculature
		The Innervation
		Sensory Innervation (Fig. 8.9)
		Motor Nerves
	9: Anatomy of the Nose and Paranasal Sinuses
		The Nose
		The Nasal Cartilages (Fig. 9.2)
		The Nasal Septum
		Nasal Cavities
		Innervation
		Blood Supply of External Nose
		Blood Supply of Internal Nose
		Paranasal Sinuses (Fig. 9.6)
			Frontal Sinus
			Ethmoid Air Cells
			Sphenoid Sinus
			Maxillary Sinus
	10: Anatomy of the External Ear
		Overview
		External Ear
			The Auricle
			The External Auditory Canal
			The Lateral Surface of the Temporal Bone
			The Tympanic Membrane
	11: Anatomy of the Perioral Region
		Anatomy of the Perioral Region
		Lips
		Musculature
		Elevators of the Upper Lip
		Depressors of the Lower Lip
		Buccinator
		Modiolus
		Motor Innervation
		Sensory Innervation
		Arterial Blood Supply
		Venous Drainage
	12: Anatomy of the Neck
		Superficial Anatomy of the Neck
			Emergency Airway Access: Cricothyroidotomy
		Visceral Structures of the Neck
			The Thyroid Gland
			The Parathyroid Glands
			The Submandibular Salivary Gland
		Muscles of the Neck
			Platysma
			The Posterior Triangle
				Sternocleidomastoid Muscle
				Trapezius Muscle
				Levator Scapulae Muscle
				Posterior Scalene Muscle
				Middle Scalene Muscle
				Anterior Scalene Muscle
			Anterior Triangle
				Infrahyoid Group
					Omohyoid Muscle
					Sternohyoid Muscle
					Sternothyroid Muscle
					Thyrohyoid Muscle
					Stylohyoid Muscle
				Suprahyoid Group
					Digastric Muscle
					Mylohyoid Muscle
					Geniohyoid Muscle
					Stylohyoid Muscle
					Actions of Suprahyoid Muscles
		Fascia of the Neck
		Nerves of the Neck
			Accessory Nerve (CN XI)
			Cervical Nerves
			Facial Nerve (CN VII) Branches
			Glossopharyngeal Nerve (CN IX)
			Vagus Nerve
			The Cervical Sympathetic Trunk
			Hypoglossal Nerve
		Arteries of the Neck
			Branches of the Subclavian Artery (Fig. 12.10)
			Carotid Artery Branches in the Neck
			Carotid Body
			Carotid Sinus
		Veins of the Neck
	13: Anatomy of the Superficial Face: Muscles of Face and Scalp, Superficial Vessels and Nerves, Major Salivary Glands
		Muscles of Facial Expression
		Overview of Superficial Sensory Nerves of the Face
		Superficial Motor Nerves to the Muscles of Facial Expression
		Overview of Superficial Vessels of the Face
			The Major Salivary Glands
			Functions of Saliva
			Parotid Gland
			Submandibular Gland
			Sublingual Gland
	14: Muscles of Mastication and the Temporomandibular Joint
		Masseter
		Temporalis
		Medial Pterygoid
		Lateral Pterygoid
		Innervated by mandibular division of trigeminal The Temporomandibular Joint
			Articular Fossa
Part III: Surgical Anatomy
	15: Neuromodulators (Botox)
		Introduction
		Pharmacology of Botulinum Toxin
		BTX-A and BTX-B Production
		Dilution Technique
		Indications/Contraindications/Adverse Events
		Adverse Effects of BTX-A Treatment
		Injection Technique
			Chemical Brow Lift or Brow Elevation
			Bunny Lines
			Mentalis
			Platysmal Bands
			Depressor Anguli Oris
			Upper Lip/Perioral Rhytids
		Posttreatment Instructions
		Longevity of Effect
		Patient Evaluation
		Crow’s Feet/Periorbital Rhytids
		Glabella
		Non-cosmetic Indications
		Complications
		Bibliography
	16: Facial Fillers
		Introduction
		Anatomy
			Upper Face
			Midface
			Lower Face
		Materials
		Techniques
			Periorbital
			Nose
			Cheek
			Nasolabial Fold
			Lips
			Chin/Jaw
		Complications
		Conclusion
		References
	17: Facial Resurfacing
		Background
		Pre-procedure Considerations
		Procedural Technique
		Rehabilitation and Recovery
		Summary
		Bibliography
	18: Forehead and Eyebrow Lift Techniques
		Anatomic and Esthetic Considerations
		Bone Anatomy
		Muscle and Fascial Anatomy
		Vessel and Nerve Anatomy
		Endoscopic Anatomy
		Preoperative Evaluation and Surgical Preparation
		Endoscopic Forehead and Brow Lift Technique
		Postoperative Care
		Complications
		Summary
		References
	19: Facelift
		Introduction
		Anatomy
			Anatomic Layers
			Facial Nerve and Muscle Innervation
			Muscles and Ligaments
			Vascular Supply
			Venous Drainage
			Retaining Ligaments
			Other Important Anatomic Considerations
		Facelift Techniques
		Summary
		References
	20: Applied Anatomy in Blepharoplasty
		Introduction
		Anatomical Consideration
		Indications
		Patient Evaluation
		Anesthesia
		Upper Lid Blepharoplasty
		Lower Lid Blepharoplasty
		Postoperative Care
		Complications
			Retrobulbar Hemorrhage
			Infection
			Blepharoptosis
			Lid Malposition
			Corneal Abrasion
		Conclusion
		References
	21: Otoplasty
		Introduction
		Embryology
		Anatomy of the Auricle
		Aesthetic Considerations
		Nonsurgical Otoplasty Techniques
		Surgical Otoplasty Techniques
		Cartilage-Sparing Techniques
		Cartilage-Cutting Techniques
		Combining Techniques
		Correcting the Prominent Lobule
		Complications
		Aesthetic Complications
		References
	22: Chin Augmentation
		Introduction
		Anatomy
		Preoperative Assessment
		Anesthesia
		Osseous Augmentation
		Alloplastic Augmentation
		Soft Tissue Filler Augmentation
		Postoperative Management
		Conclusion
		References
	23: Neck Lift
		Introduction
		Anatomical Considerations
		Treatment Considerations
		Perioperative Considerations
		References
	24: Hair Restoration
		History of the Procedure
		Indications for Hair Restoration Surgery
		Contraindications for Hair Restoration Surgery
		General Anatomy for Hair Restoration
			The Scalp
			The Hair Follicle
			Vascular and Sensory Supply of the Scalp
		Procedure and Anatomical Considerations
			Graft Harvest
			Graft Placement
		Technique: Strip Technique for Follicular Unit Transplantation
		Technique: Follicular Unit Extraction for Follicular Unit Transplantation
		Technique: Recipient Site Preparation for Follicular Unit Transplantation
		Summary
		References
Appendix 1
	Osteology
	Anterior Surface of the Skull
	Interior Base of the Skull
	Exterior Base of Skull
	Lateral Surface of the Skull
	The Mandible
	Cervical Vertebrae
	The Hyoid Bone
Appendix 2
	Major Blood Vessels of the Head and Neck
	Subclavian Artery
	Carotid Artery and Branches
	Maxillary Artery
	Venous Drainage
Appendix 3
	Oculomotor Nerve (CN III)
Appendix 4
	Trochlear (CN IV) and Abducent (CN VI) Nerves
Appendix 5
	Trigeminal Nerve (CN V)
	Ophthalmic Division
	Maxillary Division
	Mandibular Division
Appendix 6
	Facial Nerve (CN VII)
Appendix 7
	Cervical Plexus
Appendix 8
	Glossopharyngeal Nerve (CN IX)
Appendix 9
	Vagus Nerve (CN X)
Appendix 10
	Hypoglossal Nerve (CN XII)
Index