Apoptosis in neurobiology

Content: Machine generated contents note: SECTION 1 Financial, legal and contractual framework / Robert N. Hunter --
ch. 1 Highway Legislation: England and Wales / R. Pearson --
Introduction --
pt. I Highway authorities and agreements between authorities (sections 1-9) --
pt. II Trunk roads, classified roads, metropolitan roads, special roads (sections 10-23) --
pt. III Creation of highways (sections 24-35) --
pt. IV Maintenance of highways (sections 36-61) --
pt. V Improvements of highways (sections 62-105) --
pt. V A Environmental impact assessments (sections 105 A-D) --
pt. VI Construction of bridges over and tunnels under navigable waters and diversions etc. of watercourses (sections 106-111) --
pt. VII Provision of special facilities for highways (sections 112-115) --
pt. VII A Provision of amenities on certain highways --
pt. VIII Stopping up and diversion of a highway and stopping up of means of access to a highway (sections 116-129) --
pt. IX Lawful and unlawful interfaces with highways and streets (sections 130-185). Ch. 17 Traffic models for highway schemes / L.C. Darrall --
Introduction --
Multi-stage models --
Road traffic assignment models --
Microsimulation models --
Model calibration and validation --
References --
ch. 18 Forecasting future conditions / L.C. Darrall --
Introduction --
Principles of forecasting --
Future year forecasts --
Traffic forecasts for use in scheme appraisal --
References --
ch. 19 Scheme appraisal / J.H. Barlow --
Introduction --
National objectives for transport --
Local and regional objectives --
Improvements to identified problems --
Other issues --
Appraisal methodology --
The Brief --
Description of existing conditions --
Planning factors --
Description of scheme options --
Traffic assessment --
Cost estimates --
Safety assessment --
Economic assessment --
Environmental assessment --
Operational assessment --
Appraisal Summary Tables (ASTs) --
Implementation programme --
Conclusions --
References --
ch. 20 Public consultation / J.H. Barlow --
Introduction --
The Government\'s Code of Practice --
Types of public consultation --
The consultation process. Environmental impact assessment (EIA) --
Environmental assets --
evaluating what you have --
Assessment of environmental effects --
Design considerations --
Handover and long-term management --
References --
SECTION 5 Highway materials and recycling / Ian D. Walsh --
ch. 45 Highway materials: an introduction / I.D. Walsh --
Introduction --
Foundation layers --
Surface layers --
Conclusion --
References --
ch. 46 Unbound aggregates / J. McCulloch --
Introduction --
Terminology --
Production --
Materials and specifications --
Testing --
References --
ch. 47 Hydraulically bound mixtures for local roads / J. Kennedy --
Introduction --
HBM behaviour --
Pavement design and specification --
HBM for local authorities --
References --
ch. 48 Roller compacted concrete / J.P. Donegan --
Introduction --
Benefits of RCC --
Common applications of RCC --
RCC mix proportioning --
Mix design --
RCC constituents --
Quality control and test methods --
Construction methodology --
RCC properties --
Conclusions --
References. Ch. 49 Cold mix asphalt layers / I.D. Walsh --
Introduction --
Cold mix asphalt mix design for plant mixtures --
Cold mix asphalt mixing plant manufacture and installation --
Sustainability --
References --
ch. 50 Hot mix asphalt layers / C. Nicholls --
Introduction --
Mixture types --
Layers --
Sustainability --
Summary --
References --
ch. 51 Laying asphalts / R.N. Hunter --
Laying asphalt --
Production and transportation of asphalts --
Paver laid asphalt --
Surface regularity --
Laying chipped hot rolled asphalt surface courses --
Weather conditions --
Compaction of asphalts --
Ironwork --
Aftercare --
Quality assurance --
Epilogue --
References --
ch. 52 Small element paving: design and construction / A.J. Dowson --
Introduction --
Natural stone slabs, setts and concrete flags --
Lightly trafficked pavement design --
Heavy duty pavement design --
Ports and heavy duty pavement design --
Pavement overlay design --
Detailing and construction --
Permeable pavements --
Edge restraints --
References. Note continued: Site data collection --
Junction control methods --
Pedestrian crossings --
Road markings and traffic signs --
Vehicle movement restrictions --
Parking and loading restrictions --
References --
ch. 24 Capacity analysis / N. Robinson --
Introduction --
Junction types and their capacity --
Modelling the capacity of individual junctions --
Junction modelling software --
Networks --
Network modelling software --
Micro-simulation --
Micro-simulation software --
Conclusion --
References --
ch. 25 Highway layout and junction design / K. Buchholtz --
Introduction --
Design speed --
Stopping sight distance (SSD) --
Horizontal alignment --
Vertical alignment --
Minor access onto trunk roads --
Major/minor priority junctions (TA 42/95 and TD 41/95) --
Roundabouts --
Grade separation --
Signalised junctions and roundabouts --
Conclusion --
References --
ch. 26 Vehicle parking, waiting and loading / M. Slinn --
On-street parking --
Off-street parking --
Special users --
Parking management --
Credits --
References. Ch. 65 Levels of Service / J. Thorp --
Introduction --
Background --
Some definitions of Levels of Service --
Use of Levels of Service --
Developing Levels of Service --
Levels of Service recommendations --
Levels of Service statements --
Who are the customers and stakeholders and what are the authority objectives? --
Relationship between Levels of Service and authority objectives --
Levels of Service and engineering standards --
Suggested approach --
Conclusions --
Acknowledgements --
References --
Appendix A Code of Practice Themes --
ch. 66 Valuation of the assets / J. Thorp --
Introduction --
The importance of transport asset management --
The accounting approach --
Developing and using financial information --
Calculating depreciated replacement costs for a highway network --
Depreciation processing and reporting requirements (DRC) --
Developing inventory components and groupings --
References. Schedule 5 Distance limits from public road for purposes of compulsory acquisition --
Schedule 6 Special transitional provisions for trunk roads --
Schedule 7 Restricted roads --
Schedule 8 Penalties for offences --
Schedule 9 Minor and consequential amendments --
Schedule 10 Transitional provisions and savings --
Schedule 11 Repeals --
ch. 3 Highway Legislation: Northern Ireland / G. Anketell --
Introduction --
Primary legislation --
The Roads (Northern Ireland) Order 1993 --
pt. I Introduction --
pt. II Construction, maintenance and improvement of roads --
pt. III Special roads --
pt. IV Improvement and safety of roads --
pt. V Environmental assessment --
pt. VI Abandonments and stopping up of roads and private accesses --
pt. VII Lawful and unlawful interference with roads --
pt. VIII Road ferries --
pt. IX Powers of the Department in relation to land --
pt. X Miscellaneous and supplementary provisions --
The Schedules --
The Private Streets (Northern Ireland) Order 1980 (as amended by The Private Streets (Amendment) (Northern Ireland) Order 1992) --
pt. I Introduction. Note continued: Associated legislation --
References --
ch. 56 Maintenance policies / S. Child --
Introduction --
Policy framework --
The wider context --
Network management --
Duty or desire? --
Asset management --
Sustainability and highway maintenance --
Issues to consider --
Policy framework --
References --
Appendix A Document hierarchy --
Appendix B Policy content --
ch. 57 Maintenance types / R. Elphick --
Introduction --
Cyclic maintenance --
Planned maintenance --
Materials --
Design options --
Reactive maintenance --
Reference --
ch. 58 The maintenance organisation / P. Jameson --
The basic shape of a maintenance organisation --
Direct labour or contract --
Contract types --
Relationship between workforce size and winter maintenance --
Inspection regimes --
Training and development --
References. Ch. 27 Modern traffic management / G. Higgs --
Approach --
Techniques --
Application --
Design considerations --
References --
ch. 28 Assisting public transport / P. Matthews --
Introduction --
Road-based public transport --
Traffic management measures --
Parking management measures --
Bus lanes: with flow --
Bus lanes: contraflow --
Bus-only streets and bus-ways --
Traffic signal control --
Bus stop infrastructure --
Bus priority: consideration of other road users --
Evaluation of bus priority measures --
References --
ch. 29 Road safety engineering / P. Matthews --
Introduction --
Accidents --
Causes of crashes --
Contribution and consequences of speeding --
Types of crashes (accidents) --
Accident data collection --
Road safety plans --
Road safety engineering --
Accident remedial schemes: process --
Detailed site analysis --
Accident remedial measures --
Measuring the effectiveness of accident remedial schemes --
Road safety audits --
References --
ch. 30 Intelligent transport systems / A. Carter --
Introduction --
ITS and the ICE manual of highway design and management. Ch. 34 Drainage design / S. Young --
Introduction --
Elements of a road drainage system --
Initial design stages --
Network analysis --
Design of pollution control and flood prevention measures --
Design of other elements --
Design deliverables --
DMRB advice and guidelines --
References --
ch. 35 Private developer projects / T. Hydes --
Introduction --
The Highways Act and Approvals --
Planning policy --
Car parking --
Shared spaces --
User requirements --
Highway design (or Design) --
References --
ch. 36 Pavement design (highways) / I.D. Walsh --
Introduction --
Foundation support --
Traffic loading --
Structural layer design --
flexible pavements --
Structural layer design --
composite pavements --
Design for maintenance --
Selection of materials types --
References --
ch. 37 Pavement design (highways rigid) / G. Griffiths --
Introduction --
Typical concrete pavement types --
Detailing concrete pavements --
Fibre-reinforced concrete --
The surface finish --
Slip membranes --
Slip-road detailing --
Transition slabs. Ch. 53 Surface treatments for highways / I.D. Walsh --
Introduction --
Bitumen binders --
Surface dressing --
Slurry surfacing/microsurfacing (sometimes referred to as microasphalt) --
High friction surfacing (HFS) --
Patching --
Retexturing --
Plant --
Retread/repave --
Stress absorbing membrane interlay (SAMI) --
Imprinted surfaces --
Surface preservation systems --
The highway engineers toolbox --
a concept --
Guidance on using the highway engineer\'s toolbox --
References --
ch. 54 Road markings / K. Grant --
Introduction --
The materials --
Application --
Performance requirements --
Testing and inspection methods --
Quality control --
Quality assurance --
References --
SECTION 6 Maintenance planning and techniques / Paul Jameson --
ch. 55 Introduction and scope / R. Elphick --
Introduction --
Factors affecting maintenance --
Balancing maintenance need and investment --
Maintenance funding --
Maintenance asset management systems --
Condition assessment. Planning the consultation --
Targeting the audience --
Engaging consultees --
the exhibition --
Engaging consultees --
the questionnaire --
Engaging consultees --
focus groups --
The Public Consultation Report --
Feedback --
The outcome --
influencing decision-makers --
References --
SECTION 3 Traffic engineering / Paul Matthews --
ch. 21 Introduction, history, definition / P. Matthews --
The history of traffic and its management --
ch. 22 Traffic engineering legislation / P. Matthews --
Introduction --
Current legislation --
References --
ch. 23 Traditional traffic management / C. Whitehead --
Introduction. Travel and traveller information --
Network management --
urban --
Junction and network performance --
Network management --
interurban --
Road user charging, congestion charging and electronic toll systems --
Road safety --
Driver assistance --
Public transport travel information --
Future ITS --
European ITS Directive --
References --
SECTION 4 Highway design principles and practice / Ian D. Walsh --
ch. 31 Highway design principles and practice: an introduction / I.D. Walsh --
Background --
The design process --
Conclusions --
References --
ch. 32 Site investigation and foundation design / I.R. Payne --
Introduction --
Stages of site investigation --
Groundwater and drainage --
Slope stability --
Embankment fills --
Road pavement subgrade --
Ground movement and subsidence --
Foundation design for structures --
References --
ch. 33 Geometric design / M. Westlake --
Introduction --
Basic philosophy: the information --
Geometry issues --
Junction design --
Highway features --
A practical design --
References. Ch. 59 Politics and public / B. Thompson --
Introduction --
The political scene --
Working with the public --
Dealing with the media --
References --
ch. 60 The involvement and impact of the utilities / R. Elphick --
Introduction --
Legislation --
The coordination process --
Noticing rules --
Work categories --
Electronic transfer of notices (EToN) --
Permits --
Restrictions following work activities --
Inspections --
Penalties --
Industry organisations --
The impact of reinstatements on highway pavements --
The research programme --
Charging structures --
Determining the cost of premature maintenance --
Creating a charge structure --
References --
ch. 61 Winter service and other weather emergencies / S. Child --
Introduction --
Statutory basis --
Policy --
Winter service objectives --
Winter Service Plan --
Network hierarchy and route optimisation --
Salt bins --
Weather prediction and information. The applicable law of the contract --
Selection of the conditions of contract In practice --
The ICE conditions of contract, 7th edition --
The Engineering and Construction Contract 3rd Edition (NEC3) --
References --
ch. 10 National specification and design documents / R.N. Hunter --
Introduction --
Design manual for roads and bridges --
Interim Advice Notes --
Manual of contract documents for highway works --
References --
Annex A Design Manual for Roads and Bridges --
Annex B Manual of Contract Documents for Highway Works --
ch. 11 Local specifications and design documents / I.D. Walsh --
Introduction --
Local specifications --
Local modifications to the specification for highway works --
Local design documents --
References --
ch. 12 European Standards for products / I.D. Walsh --
Introduction --
Mandates and essential requirements --
The contents of a European Standard --
Durability --
National guidance --
How Standards are produced --
Quality assurance under a European Standard --
Quality assurance and quality --
References. Highways Agency schemes funding --
Local authority schemes funding --
Developer funding --
Community infrastructure levy (CIL) --
Direct local authority funding --
Practical funding considerations for promoters --
References --
ch. 7 Highway capital maintenance / M. Sutch --
Introduction --
Block allocations --
Highway capital maintenance funding --
2010/11 allocations levels --
Future funding levels --
References --
ch. 8 Revenue funding for maintenance activities / T. Oakley --
Background to revenue funding --
The formula grant --
Calculation of the highway maintenance element of the formula grant --
Calculation of the capital financing element of the formula grant --
Sources of further information --
ch. 9 Forms of contract for highway construction projects / M. O\'Reilly --
Introduction --
Introduction to highway construction contracts --
The use and importance of contracts in construction --
Types and features of highway contracts --
Statutory controls and impact --
Tendering practice --
Documents forming part of the construction contract. pt. X New streets (sections 186-202) --
pt. XI Making up of private streets (sections 203-237) --
pt. XII Acquisition, vesting and transfer of land etc. (sections 238-271) --
pt. XIII Financial provision (sections 272-281) --
pt. XIV Miscellaneous and supplementary provisions (sections 282-345) --
References --
ch. 2 Highway Legislation: Scotland / J.R. Edgar --
Introduction --
pt. I Public roads --
pt. II Private roads --
pt. III New roads --
pt. IV Improvements and maintenance --
pt. V Roads and building control --
pt. VI Access and stopping up --
pt. VII Bridges, tunnels and diversion of water --
pt. VIII Interference and damage --
pt. IX Acquisition, transfer, vesting and compensation --
pt. X Miscellaneous --
pt. XI Offences --
pt. XII Statutory undertakers --
pt. XIII General --
Schedule 1 Procedures for making or confirming certain orders and schemes --
Schedule 2 Validity and date of operation of certain orders and schemes --
Schedule 3 Classes of traffic for purposes of special roads --
Schedule 4 Procedure for determination by roads authority of certain questions in connection with cattle-grids. Ch. 41 Surface characteristics (noise) / I.D. Walsh --
Introduction --
Measurement of noise --
Traffic noise generation --
Noise reduction --
Traffic noise mitigation and compensation --
References --
ch. 42 Skid resistance / D. Woodward --
Introduction --
Simple definitions relating to skid resistance --
Specification of skid resistance in the UK --
Measurement of skid resistance --
Skid resistance measurement and device operation --
Skid resistance, water and surface texture --
Skid resistance measurement devices used in the UK --
The Wehner-Schulze Test --
Skid resistance and type of aggregate --
Future trends --
Conclusions --
References --
ch. 43 Sustainability / T. Parry --
Introduction --
Resource use, recycling and waste --
Public transport, walking and cycling --
Adaptation to climate change --
Assessment systems --
Corporate responsibility --
References --
ch. 44 Environmental considerations / M. Glanville --
Introduction/key background information on topic. pt. II Laying out and construction of streets --
pt. III Adoption of private streets as public roads --
pt. IV Making up of private streets --
pt. V Prior provision for expenses of street works in private streets --
pt. VI Miscellaneous --
References --
ch. 4 Public procurement / J. McRorie --
Introduction --
Background and legal framework --
When do the regulations apply? --
What must be done to comply with the rules: the procurement process --
What are the consequences of a failure to comply with the procurement rules? --
References --
ch. 5 Funding the Highways Agency: estimates, funding, monitoring / P. Stiverson --
Introduction --
Central government organisation funding --
Government agencies --
Aim and objectives of the Highways Agency --
The Highways Agency: roles, responsibilities and governance --
The Highways Agency: business planning framework business plans --
The Highways Agency: financial and investment arrangements --
References --
ch. 6 Major highway scheme finance / J. Farmer --
Introduction --
Basic accounting definitions. Pavement anchorages --
Joint design and detailing --
Design methods --
Deterioration mechanisms and site construction problems --
Construction methods --
Concluding remarks --
Acknowledgements --
References --
ch. 38 Pavement design (ancillary usage) / I.D. Walsh --
Industrial pavement design --
Car parks and light access way design --
Sports surfaces --
Playgrounds --
Footways and cycleways --
Public footpaths and other public rights of way (PROW) --
Farm roads --
References --
ch. 39 Analytical pavement design / B. Al Hakim --
Introduction --
Development of pavement design --
Design development in the UK --
The AASHTO design method --
Analytical pavement design principles --
Pavement modelling --
Analytical evaluation of existing pavements --
Summary --
References --
ch. 40 Unsealed highway construction / A. Dawson --
Introduction --
Materials --
Performance and failure --
Design --
Construction --
Maintenance --
Environmental aspects --
In-situ testing --
References. SECTION 2 Transport planning / Leslie C. Darrall --
ch. 13 Introduction to policy and practice / L.C. Darrall --
Introduction --
The Strategic Planning Framework --
Roles and responsibilities --
Policies, plans and programmes --
Appraisal of transport plans --
Highway scheme planning and implementation --
Impending changes to the planning system in England --
References --
ch. 14 Existing conditions and data / M.J. Yeadon --
Introduction --
Existing conditions and data --
Types of survey --
Developing the scope of surveys --
Sources of existing information --
Bespoke surveys --
Traffic-related surveys for economic appraisal --
Traffic-related surveys for environmental appraisal --
Summary --
References --
ch. 15 Characteristics of transport and travel / M.J. Yeadon --
Introduction --
General trends in transport and travel --
Private car travel --
Freight traffic --
Road traffic safety --
Transport and travel choices --
Summary --
References --
ch. 16 Estimating transport demand / L.C. Darrall --
Introduction --
Choice of modelling approach --
Demand models --
Types of models --
References. Ch. 67 Lifecycle planning / J. Thorp --
Introduction --
The lifecycle process --
Objectives and policies --
Inventory and condition data --
Cost of maintaining each group of assets --
Performance gaps --
Demands and risks --
Appendix A Carriageway lifecycle plan --
Acknowledgements --
References --
ch. 68 Asset management strategy and risk management / J. Thorp --
Asset management strategy --
Investment strategy --
Risk assessment --
Introduction to the evaluation of risk in asset management --
Existing guidance --
Simple steps to get started in risk management --
Continuing improvement in the future --
Appendix A Definitions --
Appendix B Background information --
Acknowledgements --
References --
ch. 69 Developments and conclusions / J. Thorp --
UK Pavement Management System --
Prioritisation of highway works and deterioration models --
Working the highway data --
Taking stock and annual reviews --
Conclusion --
References.