API STANDARD 650 Welded Tanks for Oil Storage

Cover
Special Notes
Notice--Instructions for Submitting a Proposed Revision to this Standard Under ContinuousMaintenance
Foreword
Important Information Concerning Use of Asbestos or Alternative Materials
Contents
SECTION 1— Scope
	1.1 General
	1.2 Limitations
	1.3 Responsibilities
	1.4 Documentation Requirements
	1.5 Formulas
SECTION 2— Normative References
SECTION 3— Terms and Definitions
SECTION 4— Materials
	4.1 General
	4.2 Plates
	4.3 Sheets
	4.4 Structural Shapes
	4.5 Piping and Forgings
	4.6 Flanges
	4.7 Bolting
	4.8 Welding Electrodes
	4.9 Gaskets
	Figures
		Figure 4.1a—Minimum Permissible Design Metal Temperature for Materials Used in Tank Shells without Impact Testing (SI)
		Figure 4.1b—Minimum Permissible Design Metal Temperature for Materials Used in Tank Shells without Impact Testing (USC)
		Figure 4.2—Isothermal Lines of Lowest One-Day Mean Temperatures (°F)
		Figure 4.3—Governing Thickness for Impact Test Determination of Shell Nozzle and Manhole Materials (see 4.5.4.3)
	Tables
		Table 4.1—Maximum Permissible Alloy Content
		Table 4.2—Acceptable Grades of Plate Material Produced to National Standards (See 4.2.6)
		Table 4.3a—Linear Equations for Figure 4.1a (SI)
		Table 4.3b—Linear Equations for Figure 4.1b (USC)
		Table 4.4a—Material Groups (SI)
		Table 4.4b—Material Groups (USC)
		Table 4.5a—Minimum Impact Test Requirements for Plates (SI) (See Note)
		Table 4.5b—Minimum Impact Test Requirements for Plates (USC) (See Note)
SECTION 5— Design
	5.1 Joints
	5.2 Design Considerations
	5.3 Special Considerations
	5.4 Bottom Plates
	5.5 Annular Bottom Plates
	5.6 Shell Design
	5.7 Shell Openings
	5.8 Shell Attachments and Tank Appurtenances
	5.9 Top and Intermediate Stiffening Rings
	5.10 Roofs
	5.11 Wind Load on Tanks (Overturning Stability)
	5.12 Tank Anchorage
	5.13 Downward Reactions on Foundations
	Figures
		Figure 5.1—Typical Vertical Shell Joints
		Figure 5.2—Typical Horizontal Shell Joints
		Figure 5.3a—Typical Roof and Bottom Joints
		Figure 5.3b—Method for Preparing Lap-welded Bottom Plates under Tank Shell (See 5.1.5.4)
		Figure 5.3c—Detail of Double Fillet-groove Weld for Annular Bottom Plates with a Nominal Thickness Greater than 13 mm (1/2 in.) (See 5.1.5.7, Item b)
		Figure 5.3d—Spacing of Three-Plate Welds at Annular Plates
		Figure 5.4—Storage Tank
		Figure 5.5—Drip Ring (Suggested Detail)
		Figure 5.6—Minimum Weld Requirements for Openings in Shells According to 5.7.3
		Figure 5.7a—Shell Manhole
		Figure 5.7b—Details of Shell Manholes and Nozzles
		Figure 5.8—Shell Nozzles (see Tables 5.6a, 5.6b, 5.7a, 5.7b, 5.8a, and 5.8b)
		Figure 5.8—Shell Nozzles (continued)
		Figure 5.9—Minimum Spacing of Welds and Extent of Related Radiographic Examination
		Figure 5.10—Shell Nozzle Flanges (see Table 5.8a and Table 5.8b)
		Figure 5.11—Area Coefficient for Determining Minimum Reinforcement of Flush-type Cleanout Fittings
		Figure 5.12—Flush-Type Cleanout Fittings (see Tables 5.9a, 5.9b, 5.10a, 5.10b, 5.11a, and 5.11b)
		Figure 5.13—Flush-type Cleanout Fitting Supports (see 5.7.7)
		Figure 5.14—Flush-type Shell Connection
		Figure 5.14—Flush-type Shell Connection (Continued)
		Figure 5.15—Rotation of Shell Connection
		Figure 5.16—Roof Manholes (see Table 5.13a and Table 5.13b)
		Figure 5.17—Rectangular Roof Openings with Flanged Covers
		Figure 5.18—Rectangular Roof Openings with Hinged Cover
		Figure 5.19—Flanged Roof Nozzles (see Table 5.14a and Table 5.14b)
		Figure 5.20—Threaded Roof Nozzles (see Table 5.15a and Table 5.15b)
		Figure 5.21—Drawoff Sump (see Table 5.16a and Table 5.16b)
		Figure 5.22—Scaffold Cable Support
		Figure 5.23—Grounding Lug
		Figure 5.24—Typical Stiffening-ring Sections for Tank Shells (see Table 5.20a and Table 5.20b)
		Figure 5.25—Stairway Opening through Stiffening Ring
		Figure 5.26—Some Acceptable Column Base Details
		Figure 5.27—Overturning Check for Unanchored Tanks
		Figure 5.28—Typical Anchor Chair
		Figure 5.29—Typical Anchor Strap Welded Attachment (for Carbon Steel Tank)
		Figure 5.30—Typical Hold-Down Strap Configuration (for Carbon Steel Tank)
		Figure 5.31—Butt Weld Joint with Back-up Bar
	Tables
		Table 5.1a—Annular Bottom-Plate Thicknesses (tb) (SI)
		Table 5.1b—Annular Bottom-Plate Thicknesses (tb) (USC)
		Table 5.2a—Permissible Plate Materials and Allowable Stresses (SI)
		Table 5.2b—Permissible Plate Materials and Allowable Stresses (USC)
		Table 5.3a—Thickness of Shell Manhole Cover Plate and Bolting Flange (SI)
		Table 5.3b—Thickness of Shell Manhole Cover Plate and Bolting Flange (USC)
		Table 5.4a—Dimensions for Shell Manhole Neck Thickness (SI)
		Table 5.4b—Dimensions for Shell Manhole Neck Thickness (USC)
		Table 5.5a—Dimensions for Bolt Circle Diameter Db and Cover Plate Diameter Dc for Shell Manholes (SI)
		Table 5.5b—Dimensions for Bolt Circle Diameter Db and Cover Plate Diameter Dc for Shell Manholes (USC)
		Table 5.6a—Dimensions for Shell Nozzles (SI)
		Table 5.6b—Dimensions for Shell Nozzles (USC)
		Table 5.7a—Dimensions for Shell Nozzles: Pipe, Plate, and Welding Schedules (SI)
		Table 5.7b—Dimensions for Shell Nozzles: Pipe, Plate, and Welding Schedules (USC)
		Table 5.8a—Dimensions for Shell Nozzle Flanges (SI)
		Table 5.8b—Dimensions for Shell Nozzle Flanges (USC)
		Table 5.9a—Dimensions for Flush-Type Cleanout Fittings (SI)
		Table 5.9b—Dimensions for Flush-Type Cleanout Fittings (USC)
		Table 5.10a—Minimum Thickness of Cover Plate, Bolting Flange, and Bottom Reinforcing Plate for Flush-Type Cleanout Fittings (SI)
		Table 5.10b—Minimum Thickness of Cover Plate, Bolting Flange, and Bottom Reinforcing Plate for Flush-Type Cleanout Fittings (USC)
		Table 5.11a—Thicknesses and Heights of Shell Reinforcing Plates for Flush-Type Cleanout Fittings (SI)
		Table 5.11b—Thicknesses and Heights of Shell Reinforcing Plates for Flush-Type Cleanout Fittings (USC)
		Table 5.12a—Dimensions for Flush-Type Shell Connections (SI)
		Table 5.12b—Dimensions for Flush-Type Shell Connections (USC)
		Table 5.13a—Dimensions for Roof Manholes (SI)
		Table 5.13b—Dimensions for Roof Manholes (USC)
		Table 5.14a—Dimensions for Flanged Roof Nozzles (SI)
		Table 5.14b—Dimensions for Flanged Roof Nozzles (USC)
		Table 5.15a—Dimensions for Threaded Roof Nozzles (SI)
		Table 5.15b—Dimensions for Threaded Roof Nozzles (USC)
		Table 5.16a—Dimensions for Drawoff Sumps (SI)
		Table 5.16b—Dimensions for Drawoff Sumps (USC)
		Table 5.17—Requirements for Platforms and Walkways
		Table 5.18—Requirements for Stairways
		Table 5.19a—Rise, Run, and Angle Relationships for Stairways (SI)
		Table 5.19b—Rise, Run, and Angle Relationships for Stairways (USC)
		Table 5.20a—Section Moduli (cm3) of Stiffening-Ring Sections on Tank Shells (SI)
		Table 5.20b—Section Moduli (in.3) of Stiffening-Ring Sections on Tank Shells (USC)
		Table 5.21a—Uplift Loads (SI)
		Table 5.21b—Uplift Loads (USC)
		Table 5.22—Unfactored (Working Stress) Downward Reactions on Foundations
SECTION 6— Fabrication
	6.1 General
	6.2 Shop Inspection
	Figure 6.1—Shaping of Plates
SECTION 7— Erection
	7.1 General
	7.2 Details of Welding
	7.3 Examination, Inspection, and Repairs
	7.4 Repairs to Welds
	7.5 Dimensional Tolerances
	Table 7.1a—Minimum Preheat Temperatures (SI)
	Table 7.1b—Minimum Preheat Temperatures (USC)
SECTION 8— Methods of Examining Joints
	8.1 Radiographic Method
	8.2 Magnetic Particle Examination
	8.3 Ultrasonic Examination
	8.4 Liquid Penetrant Examination
	8.5 Visual Examination
	8.6 Vacuum Testing
	Figure 8.1—Radiographic Requirements for Tank Shells
SECTION 9— Welding Procedure and Welder Qualifications
	9.1 Definitions
	9.2 Qualification of Welding Procedures
	9.3 Qualification of Welders
	9.4 Identification of Welded Joints
SECTION 10— Marking
	10.1 Nameplates
	10.2 Division of Responsibility
	10.3 Certification
	Figure 10.1—Manufacturer’s Nameplate
	Figure 10.2—Manufacturer’s Certification Letter
Annex A (normative) Optional Design Basis for Small Tanks
	A.1 Scope
	A.2 Materials
	A.3 Design
	A.4 Thickness of Shell Plates
	A.5 Tank Joints
	A.6 Intermediate Wind Girders
	A.7 Shell Manholes and Nozzles
	A.8 Flush-Type Cleanout Fittings
	A.9 Flush-Type Shell Connections
	Tables
		Table A.1a—Typical Sizes and Corresponding Nominal Capacities (m3) for Tanks with 1800-mm Courses (SI)
		Table A.1b—Typical Sizes and Corresponding Nominal Capacities (barrels) for Tanks with 72-in. Courses (USC)
		Table A.2a—Shell-Plate Thicknesses (mm) for Typical Sizes of Tanks with 1800-mm Courses (SI)
		Table A.2b—Shell-Plate Thicknesses (in.) for Typical Sizes of Tanks with 72-in. Courses (USC)
		Table A.3a—Typical Sizes and Corresponding Nominal Capacities (m3) for Tanks with 2400-mm Courses (SI)
		Table A.3b—Typical Sizes and Corresponding Nominal Capacities (Barrels) for Tanks with 96-in. Courses (USC)
		Table A.4a—Shell-Plate Thicknesses (mm) for Typical Sizes of Tanks with 2400-mm Courses (SI)
		Table A.4b—Shell-Plate Thicknesses (in.) for Typical Sizes of Tanks with 96-in. Courses (USC)
Annex AL (normative) Aluminum Storage Tanks
	AL.1 Scope
	AL.2 References
	AL.3 Definitions
	AL.4 Materials
	AL.5 Design
	AL.6 Fabrication
	AL.7 Erection
	AL.8 Examination of Welds
	AL.9 Welding Procedures and Welder Qualifications
	AL.10 Marking
	AL.11 Foundations
	AL.12 Internal Pressure
	AL.13 Seismic Design
	AL.14 External Pressure
	Figures
		Figure AL.1—Cover Plate Thickness for Shell Manholes and Cleanout Fittings
		Figure AL.2—Flange Plate Thickness for Shell Manholes and Cleanout Fittings
		Figure AL.3—Bottom Reinforcing Plate Thickness for Cleanout Fittings
		Figure AL.4—Stresses in Roof Plates
	Tables
		Table AL.1—Material Specifications
		Table AL.2—Joint Efficiency
		Table AL.3a—Minimum Mechanical Properties (SI)
		Table AL.3b—Minimum Mechanical Properties (USC)
		Table AL.4a—Annular Bottom Plate Thickness (SI)
		Table AL.4b—Annular Bottom Plate Thickness (USC)
		Table AL.5a—Minimum Shell Thickness (SI)
		Table AL.5b—Minimum Shell Thickness (USC)
		Table AL.6a—Allowable Tensile Stresses for Tank Shell (for Design and Test) (SI)
		Table AL.6b—Allowable Tensile Stresses for Tank Shell (for Design and Test) (USC)
		Table AL.7a—Allowable Stresses for Roof Plates (SI)
		Table AL.7b—Allowable Stresses for Roof Plates (USC)
		Table AL.8a—Compressive Moduli of Elasticity E (MPa) at Temperature (°C) (SI)
		Table AL.8b—Compressive Moduli of Elasticity E (ksi) at Temperature (°F) (USC)
		Table AL.9a—Shell Nozzle Welding Schedule (SI)
		Table  AL.9b—Shell Nozzle Welding Schedule (USC)
Annex B (informative) Recommendations for Design and Construction of Foundations for Aboveground Oil Storage Tanks
	B.1 Scope
	B.2 Subsurface Investigation and Construction
	B.3 Tank Grades
	B.4 Typical Foundation Types
	B.5 Tank Foundations for Leak Detection
	B.6 Tank Foundations for Elevated Temperature Service
	Figures
		Figure B.1—Example of Foundation with Concrete Ringwall
		Figure B.2—Example of Foundation with Crushed Stone Ringwall
Annex C (normative) External Floating Roofs
	C.1 Scope
	C.2 Material
	C.3 Design
		C.3.1 General
		C.3.2 Joints
		C.3.3 Decks
		C.3.4 Pontoon Design
		C.3.5 Pontoon Openings
		C.3.6 Compartments
		C.3.7 Ladders
		C.3.8 Roof Drains
		C.3.9 Vents
		C.3.10 Supporting Legs
		C.3.11 Roof Manholes
		C.3.12 Centering and Anti-rotation Devices
		C.3.13 Peripheral Seals
		C.3.14 Gauging Device
		C.3.15 Inlet Diffuser
		C.3.16 Other Roof Accessories
	C.4 Fabrication, Erection, Welding, Inspection, and Testing
Annex D (informative) (normative) External Floating Roofs
	D.1 Introduction
	D.2 Inquiry References
	D.3 Definitions
	D.4 API Policy Regarding Inquiries
	D.5 Submission of Inquiries
	D.6 Typical Inquiry Procedure
	D.7 Interpretations Responding to Inquiries
	D.8 Form Response Sent to Inquirer
	D.9 Suggestions for Changes
Annex E (normative) Seismic Design of Storage Tanks
	E.1 Scope
	E.2 Definitions and Notations
	E.3 Performance Basis
	E.4 Site Ground Motion
	E.5 Seismic Design Factors
	E.6 Design
	E.7 Detailing Requirements
	Figure E.1—Coefficient Ci
	Tables
		Table E.1—Value of Fa as a Function of Site Class
		Table E.2—Value of Fv as a Function of Site Class
		Table E.3—Site Classification
		Table E.4—Response Modification Factors for ASD Methods
		Table E.5—Importance Factor (I) and Seismic Use Group Classification
		Table E.6—Anchorage Ratio Criteria
		Table E.7—Minimum Required Freeboard
		Table E.8—Design Displacements for Piping Attachments
Annex EC (informative) Commentary on Annex E
	EC.1 Scope
	EC.2 Definitions and Notations
	EC.3 Performance Basis
	EC.4 Site Ground Motion
	EC.5 Seismic Design Factors
	EC.6 Design
	EC.7 Detailing Requirements
	EC.8 Additional Reading
	EC.9 Example Problems
	Figures
		Figure EC.1—Maximum Earthquake Response Spectrum
		Figure EC.2—Earthquake Response Spectrum Notation
		Figure EC.3—Site Specific Response Spectrum
		Figure EC.4—Deterministic Lower Limit on MCE Response Spectrum
		Figure EC.5—Relationship of Probabilistic and Deterministic Response Spectra
		Figure EC.6—Sloshing Factor, Ks
		Figure EC.7—Design Response Spectra for Ground-Supported Liquid Storage Tanks
		Figure EC.8—Effective Weight of Liquid Ratio
		Figure EC.9—Center of Action of Effective Forces
		Figure EC.10—Overturning Moment
Annex F (normative) Design of Tanks for Small Internal Pressures
	F.1 Scope
	F.2 Design Considerations
	F.3 Roof Details
	F.4 Maximum Design Pressure and Test Procedure
	F.5 Required Compression Area at the Roof-to-Shell Junction
	F.6 Design of Roof Plates
	F.7 Calculated Failure Pressure
	F.8 Anchored Tanks with Design Pressures up to 18 kPa (2.5 psi) Gauge
	Figure F.1—Annex F Decision Tree
	Figure F.2—Permissible Details of Compression Rings
Annex G (normative) Structurally-Supported Aluminum Dome Roofs
	G.1 General
	G.2 Materials
	G.3 Allowable Stresses
	G.4 Design
	G.5 Roof Attachment
	G.6 Physical Characteristics
	G.7 Platforms, Walkways, and Handrails
	G.8 Appurtenances
	G.9 Sealing at the Shell
	G.10 Testing
	G.11 Fabrication and Erection
	Figures
		Figure G.1—Data Sheet for a Structurally-Supported Aluminum Dome Added to an Existing Tank
		Figure G.2—Typical Roof Nozzle
	Tables
		Table G.1a—Bolts and Fasteners (SI)
		Table G.1b—Bolts and Fasteners (USC)
Annex H (normative) Internal Floating Roofs
	H.1 Scope
	H.2 Types of Internal Floating Roofs
	H.3 Material
	H.4 Requirements for All Types
	H.5 Openings and Appurtenances
	H.6 Fabrication, Erection, Welding, Inspection, and Testing
Annex I (normative) Undertank Leak Detection and Subgrade Protection
	I.1 Scope and Background
	I.2 Performance Requirements
	I.3 Cathodic Protection
	I.4 Double Steel Bottom Construction
	I.5 Material Requirements and Construction Details
	I.6 Testing and Inspection
	I.7 Tanks Supported by Grillage
	I.8 Typical Installations
	Figures
		Figure I.1—Concrete Ringwall with Undertank Leak Detection at the Tank Perimeter (Typical Arrangement)
		Figure I.2—Crushed Stone Ringwall with Undertank Leak Detection at the Tank Perimeter (Typical Arrangement)
		Figure I.3—Earthen Foundation with Undertank Leak Detection at the Tank Perimeter (Typical Arrangement)
		Figure I.4—Double Steel Bottom with Leak Detection at the Tank Perimeter (Typical Arrangement)
		Figure I.5—Double Steel Bottom with Leak Detection at the Tank Perimeter (Typical Arrangement)
		Figure I.6—Reinforced Concrete Slab with Leak Detection at the Perimeter (Typical Arrangement)
		Figure I.7—Reinforced Concrete Slab
		Figure I.8—Typical Drawoff Sump
		Figure I.9—Center Sump for Downward-Sloped Bottom
		Figure I.10—Typical Leak Detection Wells
		Figure I.11—Tanks Supported by Grillage Members (General Arrangement)
Annex J (normative) Shop-Assembled Storage Tanks
	J.1 Scope
	J.2 Materials
	J.3 Design
	J.4 Fabrication and Construction
	J.5 Examination of Shell Joints
	J.6 Welding Procedure and Welder Qualifications
	J.7 Marking
	Table J.1a—Minimum Roof Depths for Shop-Assembled Dome-Roof Tanks (SI)
	Table J.1b—Minimum Roof Depths for Shop-Assembled Dome-Roof Tanks (USC)
Annex K (informative) Sample Applications of the Variable-Design-Point Method to Determine Shell-Plate Thickness
	Tables
		Table K.1a—Shell-Plate Thicknesses Based on the Variable-Design-Point Method (See 5.6.4) Using 2400-mm Courses and an Allowable Stress of 159 MPa for the Test Condition (SI)
		Table K.1b—Shell-Plate Thicknesses Based on the Variable-Design-Point Method (See 5.6.4) Using 96-in. Courses and an Allowable Stress of 23,000 lbf/in.2 for the Test Condition (USC)
		Table K.2a—Shell-Plate Thicknesses Based on the Variable-Design-Point Method (See 5.6.4) Using 2400-mm Courses and an Allowable Stress of 208 MPa for the Test Condition (SI)
		Table K.2b—Shell-Plate Thicknesses Based on the Variable-Design-Point Method (See 5.6.4) Using 96-in. Courses and an Allowable Stress of 30,000 lbf/in.2 for the Test Condition (USC)
		Table K.3a—Shell-Plate Thicknesses Based on the Variable-Design-Point Method (See 5.6.4) Using 2400-mm Courses and an Allowable Stress of 236 MPa for the Test Condition (SI)
		Table K.3b—Shell-Plate Thicknesses Based on the Variable-Design-Point Method (See 5.6.4) Using 96-in. Courses and an Allowable Stress of 34,300 lbf/in.2 for the Test Condition (USC)
Annex L (normative) API Standard 650 Storage Tank Data Sheet
	L.1 Introduction
	L.2 Use of This Annex
	L.3 Specific Instructions
	Table L.1—Index of Decisions or Actions Which may be Required of the Tank Purchaser
Annex M (normative) Requirements for Tanks Operating at Elevated Temperatures
	M.1 Scope
	M.2 Thermal Effects
	M.3 Modifications in Stress and Thickness
	M.4 Tank Bottoms
	M.5 Self-Supporting Roofs
	M.6 Wind Girders
	Tables
		Table M.1a—Yield Strength Reduction Factors (SI)
		Table M.1b—Yield Strength Reduction Factors (USC)
		Table M.2a—Modulus of Elasticity at the Maximum Design Temperature (SI)
		Table M.2b—Modulus of Elasticity at the Maximum Design Temperature (USC)
Annex N (normative) Use of New Materials That Are Not Identified
Annex O (informative) Recommendations for Under-Bottom Connections
	Figures
		Figure O.1—Example of Under-Bottom Connection with Concrete Ringwall Foundation
		Figure O.2—Example of Under-Bottom Connection with Concrete Ringwall Foundation and Improved Tank Bottom and Shell Support
		Figure O.3—Example of Under-Bottom Connection with Earth-Type Foundation
	Tables
		Table O.1a—Dimensions of Under-Bottom Connections (SI)
		Table O.1b—Dimensions of Under-Bottom Connections (USC)
Annex P (normative) Allowable External Loads on Tank Shell Openings
	P.1 Introduction
	P.2 Limit Loads
	P.3 Alternative Procedure for the Evaluation of External Loads on Tank Shell Openings
	Figures
		Figure P.1—Nomenclature for Piping Loads and Deformation
		Figure P.2a—Stiffness Coefficient for Radial Load: Reinforcement on Shell (L/2a = 1.0)
		Figure P.2b—Stiffness Coefficient for Longitudinal Moment: Reinforcement on Shell (L/2a = 1.0)
		Figure P.2c—Stiffness Coefficient for Circumferential Moment: Reinforcement on Shell (L/2a = 1.0)
		Figure P.2d—Stiffness Coefficient for Radial Load: Reinforcement on Shell (L/2a = 1.5)
		Figure P.2e—Stiffness Coefficient for Longitudinal Moment: Reinforcement on Shell (L/2a = 1.5)
		Figure P.2f—Stiffness Coefficient for Circumferential Moment: Reinforcement on Shell (L/2a = 1.5)
		Figure P.2g—Stiffness Coefficient for Radial Load: Reinforcement in Nozzle Neck Only (L/2a = 1.0)
		Figure P.2h—Stiffness Coefficient for Longitudinal Moment: Reinforcement in Nozzle Neck Only (L/2a = 1.0)
		Figure P.2i—Stiffness Coefficient for Circumferential Moment: Reinforcement in Nozzle Neck Only (L/2a = 1.0)
		Figure P.2j—Stiffness Coefficient for Radial Load: Reinforcement in Nozzle Neck Only (L/2a = 1.5)
		Figure P.2k—Stiffness Coefficient for Longitudinal Moment: Reinforcement in Nozzle Neck Only (L/2a = 1.5)
		Figure P.2l—Stiffness Coefficient for Circumferential Moment: Reinforcement in Nozzle Neck Only (L/2a = 1.5)
		Figure P.3a—Construction of Nomogram for b1, b2, c1, c2 Boundary
		Figure P.3b—Construction of Nomogram for b1, c3 Boundary
		Figure P.4a—Obtaining Coefficients YF and YL
		Figure P.4b—Obtaining Coefficient YC
		Figure P.5a—Determination of Allowable Loads from Nomogram: FR and ML
		Figure P.5b—Determination of Allowable Loads from Nomogram: FR and MC
		Figure P.6—Low-Type Nozzle with Reinforcement on Shell
		Figure P.7—Allowable-Load Nomograms for Sample Problem
	Tables
		Table P.1a—Modulus of Elasticity and Thermal Expansion Coefficient at the Design Temperature (SI)
		Table P.1b—Modulus of Elasticity and Thermal Expansion Coefficient at the Design Temperature (USC)
Annex R (informative) References for Tanks in Non-petroleum Product Service
Annex S (normative) Austenitic Stainless Steel Storage Tanks
	S.1 Scope
	S.2 Materials
	S.3 Design
	S.4 Fabrication and Construction
	S.5 Marking
	S.6 Annexes
	Tables
		Table S.1a—ASTM Materials for Stainless Steel Components (SI)
		Table S.1b—ASTM Materials for Stainless Steel Components (USC)
		Table S.2a—Allowable Stresses for Tank Shells (SI)
		Table S.2b—Allowable Stresses for Tank Shells (USC)
		Table S.3a—Allowable Stresses for Plate Ring Flanges (SI)
		Table S.3b—Allowable Stresses for Plate Ring Flanges (USC)
		Table S.4—Joint Efficiencies
		Table S.5a—Yield Strength Values in MPa (SI)
		Table S.5b—Yield Strength Values in psi (USC)
		Table S.6a—Modulus of Elasticity at the Maximum Design Temperature (SI)
		Table S.6b—Modulus of Elasticity at the Maximum Design Temperature (USC)
Annex SC (normative) Stainless and Carbon Steel Mixed Materials Storage Tanks
	SC.1 Scope
	SC.2 Materials
	SC.3 Design
	SC.4 Miscellaneous Requirements
Annex T (informative) NDE Requirements Summary
Annex U (normative) Ultrasonic Examination in Lieu of Radiography
	U.1 General
	U.2 Definitions
	U.3 Technique
	U.4 Personnel Qualifications and Training
	U.5 Level III Review
	U.6 Interpretation and Evaluation
	U.7 Repairs
	U.8 Flaw Documentation
	Table U.1a—Flaw Acceptance Criteria for UT Indications May be Used for All Materials (SI)
	Table U.1b—Flaw Acceptance Criteria for UT Indications May be Used for All Materials (USC)
Annex V (normative) Design of Storage Tanks for External Pressure
	V.1 Scope
	V.2 General
	V.3 Nomenclature and Definitions
	V.4 Construction Tolerances
	V.5 Corrosion Allowance
	V.6 Testing
	V.7 Fixed Roof
	V.8 Shell
	V.9 Bottom
	V.10 Example Calculations
	V.11 Annex V References
	Figure V.1a—Dimensions for Self-Supporting Cone Roof
	Figure V.1b—Dimensions for Self-Supporting Dome Roof
Annex W (normative) Commercial and Documentation Recommendations
	W.1 Document Submittals and Review
	W.2 Manufacturer’s Calculations
	W.3 Manufacturer’s Drawing Contents
	W.4 Bids for Floating Roofs
	W.5 Required Floating Roof Contract Calculations
	W.6 Jobsite Responsibilities
Annex X (normative) Duplex Stainless Steel Storage Tanks
	X.1 Scope
	X.2 Materials
	X.3 Design
	X.4 Fabrication and Construction
	X.5 Marking
	X.6 Annexes
	Tables
		Table X.1—ASTM Materials for Duplex Stainless Steel Components
		Table X.2a—Allowable Stresses for Tank Shells (SI)
		Table X.2b—Allowable Stresses for Tank Shells (USC)
		Table X.3—Joint Efficiencies
		Table X.4a—Yield Strength Values in MPa
		Table X.4b—Yield Strength Values in PSI
		Table X.5a—Modulus of Elasticity at the Maximum Design Temperature (SI)
		Table X.5b—Modulus of Elasticity at the Maximum Design Temperature (USC)
		Table X.6a—Hot Forming Temperatures (SI)
		Table X.6b—Hot Forming Temperatures (USC)
Annex Y (informative) API Monogram