APA Publication Manual: 7th Edition

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	In-Text Citations
CONTENTS
LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES
EDITORIAL STAFF AND CONTRIBUTORS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
INTRODUCTION
1  SCHOLARLY WRITING AND PUBLISHING PRINCIPLES
	Contents
	Types of Articles and Papers
		1.1 Quantitative Articles
		1.2 Qualitative Articles
		1.4 Replication Articles
		1.5 Quantitative and Qualitative Meta-Analyses
		1.6 Literature Review Articles
		1.7 Theoretical Articles
		1.8 Methodological Articles
		1.9 Other Types of Articles
		1.10 Student Papers, Dissertations, and Theses
	ETHICAL, LEGAL, AND PROFESSIONAL STANDARDS IN PUBLISHING
	Ensuring the Accuracy of Scientific Findings
		1.11 Planning for Ethical Compliance
		1.12 Ethical and Accurate Reporting of Research Results
		1.13 Errors, Corrections, and Retractions After Publication
		1.14 Data Retention and Sharing
		1.15 Additional Data-Sharing Considerations for Qualitative Research
		1.16 Duplicate and Piecemeal Publication of Data
		1.17 Implications of Plagiarism and Self-Plagiarism
	Protecting the Rights and Welfare of Research Participants and Subjects
		1.18 Rights and Welfare of Research Participants and Subjects
		1.19 Protecting Confidentiality
		1.20 Conflict of Interest
	Protecting Intellectual Property Rights
		1.21 Publication Credit
		1.22 Order of Authors
		1.23 Authors’ Intellectual Property Rights During Manuscript Review
		1.24 Authors’ Copyright on Unpublished Manuscripts
		1.25 Ethical Compliance Checklist
2  PAPER ELEMENTS AND FORMAT
	Contents
	Required Elements
		2.1 Professional Paper Required Elements
		2.2 Student Paper Required Elements
	Paper Elements
		2.3 Title Page
		2.4 Title
		2.5 Author Name (Byline)
		2.6 Author Affiliation
		2.7 Author Note
		2.8 Running Head
		2.9 Abstract
		2.10 Keywords
		2.11 Text (Body)
		2.12 Reference List
		2.13 Footnotes
		2.14 Appendices
		2.15 Supplemental Materials
	Format
		2.16 Importance of Format
		2.17 Order of Pages
		2.18 Page Header
		2.19 Font
		2.20 Special Characters
		2.21 Line Spacing
		2.22 Margins
		2.23 Paragraph Alignment
		2.24 Paragraph Indentation
		2.25 Paper Length
	Organization
		2.26 Principles of Organization
		2.27 Heading Levels
		2.28 Section Labels
	SAMPLE PAPERS
		Sample Professional Paper
		Sample Student Paper
3  JOURNAL ARTICLE REPORTING STANDARDS
	Contents
	Overview of Reporting Standards
		3.1 Application of the Principles of JARS
		3.2 Terminology Used in JARS
	Common Reporting Standards Across Research Designs
		3.3 Abstract Standards
		3.4 Introduction Standards
	Reporting Standards for Quantitative Research
		3.5 Basic Expectations for Quantitative Research Reporting
		3.6 Quantitative Method Standards
		3.7 Quantitative Results Standards
		3.8 Quantitative Discussion Standards
		3.9 Additional Reporting Standards for Typical Experimental and Nonexperimental Studies
		3.10 Reporting Standards for Special Designs
		3.11 Standards for Analytic Approaches
		3.12 Quantitative Meta-Analysis Standards
	Reporting Standards for Qualitative Research
		3.13 Basic Expectations for Qualitative Research Reporting
		3.14 Qualitative Method Standards
		3.15 Qualitative Findings or Results Standards
		3.16 Qualitative Discussion Standards
		3.17 Qualitative Meta-Analysis Standards
	Reporting Standards for Mixed Methods Research
		3.18 Basic Expectations for Mixed Methods Research Reporting
4  WRITING STYLE AND GRAMMAR
	Contents
	EFFECTIVE SCHOLARLY WRITING
	Continuity and Flow
		4.1 Importance of Continuity and Flow
		4.2 Transitions
		4.3 Noun Strings
	Conciseness and Clarity
		4.4 Importance of Conciseness and Clarity
		4.5 Wordiness and Redundancy
		4.6 Sentence and Paragraph Length
		4.7 Tone
		4.8 Contractions and Colloquialisms
		4.9 Jargon
		4.10 Logical Comparisons
		4.11 Anthropomorphism
	GRAMMAR AND USAGE
	Verbs
		4.12 Verb Tense
		4.13 Active and Passive Voice
		4.14 Mood
		4.15 Subject and Verb Agreement
	Pronouns
		4.16 First- Versus Third-Person Pronouns
		4.17 Editorial “We”
		4.18 Singular “They”
		4.19 Pronouns for People and Animals (“Who” vs. “That”)
		4.20 Pronouns as Subjects and Objects (“Who” vs. “Whom”)
		4.21 Pronouns in Restrictive and Nonrestrictive Clauses (“That” vs. “Which”)
	Sentence Construction
		4.22 Subordinate Conjunctions
		4.23 Misplaced and Dangling Modifiers
		4.24 Parallel Construction
	Strategies to Improve Your Writing
		4.25 Reading to Learn Through Example
		4.26 Writing From an Outline
		4.27 Rereading the Draft
		4.28 Seeking Help From Colleagues
		4.29 Working With Copyeditors and Writing Centers
		4.30 Revising a Paper
5  BIAS-FREE LANGUAGE GUIDELINES
	Contents
	General Guidelines for Reducing Bias
		5.1 Describe at the Appropriate Level of Specificity
		5.2 Be Sensitive to Labels
	Reducing Bias by Topic
		5.3 Age
		5.4 Disability
		5.5 Gender
		5.6 Participation in Research
		5.7 Racial and Ethnic Identity
		5.8 Sexual Orientation
		5.9 Socioeconomic Status
		5.10 Intersectionality
6  MECHANICS OF STYLE
	Contents
	Punctuation
		6.1 Spacing After Punctuation Marks
		6.2 Period
		6.3 Comma
		6.4 Semicolon
		6.5 Colon
		6.6 Dash
		6.7 Quotation Marks
		6.8 Parentheses
		6.9 Square Brackets
		6.10 Slash
	Spelling
		6.11 Preferred Spelling
		6.12 Hyphenation
	Capitalization
		6.13 Words Beginning a Sentence
		6.14 Proper Nouns and Trade Names
		6.15 Job Titles and Positions
		6.16 Diseases, Disorders, Therapies, Theories, and Related Terms
		6.17 Titles of Works and Headings Within Works
		6.18 Titles of Tests and Measures
		6.19 Nouns Followed by Numerals or Letters
		6.20 Names of Conditions or Groups in an Experiment
		6.21 Names of Factors, Variables, and Effects
	Italics
		6.22 Use of Italics
		6.23 Reverse Italics
	Abbreviations
		6.24 Use of Abbreviations
		6.25 Definition of Abbreviations
		6.26 Format of Abbreviations
		6.27 Unit of Measurement Abbreviations
		6.28 Time Abbreviations
		6.29 Latin Abbreviations
		6.30 Chemical Compound Abbreviations
		6.31 Gene and Protein Name Abbreviations
	Numbers
		6.32 Numbers Expressed in Numerals
		6.33 Numbers Expressed in Words
		6.34 Combining Numerals and Words to Express Numbers
		6.35 Ordinal Numbers
		6.36 Decimal Fractions
		6.37 Roman Numerals
		6.38 Commas in Numbers
		6.39 Plurals of Numbers
	Statistical and Mathematical Copy
		6.40 Selecting Effective Presentation
		6.41 References for Statistics
		6.42 Formulas
		6.43 Statistics in Text
		6.44 Statistical Symbols and Abbreviations
		6.45 Spacing, Alignment, and Punctuation for Statistics
	Presentation of Equations
		6.46 Equations in Text
		6.47 Displayed Equations
		6.48 Preparing Statistical and Mathematical Copy for Publication
	Lists
		6.49 List Guidelines
		6.50 Lettered Lists
		6.51 Numbered Lists
		6.52 Bulleted Lists
7  TABLES AND FIGURES
	Contents
	General Guidelines for Tables and Figures
		7.1 Purpose of Tables and Figures
		7.2 Design and Preparation of Tables and Figures
		7.3 Graphical Versus Textual Presentation
		7.4 Formatting Tables and Figures
		7.5 Referring to Tables and Figures in the Text
		7.6 Placement of Tables and Figures
		7.7 Reprinting or Adapting Tables and Figures
	Tables
		7.8 Principles of Table Construction
		7.9 Table Components
		7.10 Table Numbers
		7.11 Table Titles
		7.12 Table Headings
		7.13 Table Body
		7.14 Table Notes
		7.15 Standard Abbreviations in Tables and Figures
		7.16 Confidence Intervals in Tables
		7.17 Table Borders and Shading
		7.18 Long or Wide Tables
		7.19 Relation Between Tables
		7.20 Table Checklist
		7.21 Sample Tables
	SAMPLE TABLES
	Figures
		7.22 Principles of Figure Construction
		7.23 Figure Components
		7.24 Figure Numbers
		7.25 Figure Titles
		7.26 Figure Images
		7.27 Figure Legends
		7.28 Figure Notes
		7.29 Relation Between Figures
		7.30 Photographs
		7.31 Considerations for Electrophysiological, Radiological, Genetic, and Other Biological Data
		7.32 Electrophysiological Data
		7.33 Radiological (Imaging) Data
		7.34 Genetic Data
		7.35 Figure Checklist
		7.36 Sample Figures
	SAMPLE FIGURES
8  WORKS CREDITED IN THE TEXT
	Contents
	General Guidelines for Citation
		8.1 Appropriate Level of Citation
		8.2 Plagiarism
		8.3 Self-Plagiarism
		8.4 Correspondence Between Reference List and Text
		8.5 Use of the Published Version or Archival Version
		8.6 Primary and Secondary Sources
	Works Requiring Special Approaches to Citation
		8.7 Interviews
		8.8 Classroom or Intranet Resources
		8.9 Personal Communications
	In-Text Citations
		8.10 Author–Date Citation System
		8.11 Parenthetical and Narrative Citations
		8.12 Citing Multiple Works
		8.13 Citing Specific Parts of a Source
		8.14 Unknown or Anonymous Author
		8.15 Translated, Reprinted, Republished, and Reissued Dates
		8.16 Omitting the Year in Repeated Narrative Citations
		8.17 Number of Authors to Include in In-Text Citations
		8.18 Avoiding Ambiguity in In-Text Citations
		8.19 Works With the Same Author and Same Date
		8.20 Authors With the Same Surname
		8.21 Abbreviating Group Authors
		8.22 General Mentions of Websites, Periodicals, and Common Software and Apps
	Paraphrases and Quotations
		8.23 Principles of Paraphrasing
		8.24 Long Paraphrases
		8.25 Principles of Direct Quotation
		8.26 Short Quotations (Fewer Than 40 Words)
		8.27 Block Quotations (40 Words or More)
		8.28 Direct Quotation of Material Without Page Numbers
		8.29 Accuracy of Quotations
		8.30 Changes to a Quotation Requiring No Explanation
		8.31 Changes to a Quotation Requiring Explanation
		8.32 Quotations That Contain Citations to Other Works
		8.33 Quotations That Contain Material Already in Quotation Marks
		8.34 Permission to Reprint or Adapt Lengthy Quotations
		8.35 Epigraphs
		8.36 Quotations From Research Participants
9  REFERENCE LIST
	Contents
	Reference Categories
		9.1 Determining the Reference Category
		9.2 Using the Webpages and Websites Reference Category
		9.3 Online and Print References
	Principles of Reference List Entries
		9.4 Four Elements of a Reference
		9.5 Punctuation Within Reference List Entries
		9.6 Accuracy and Consistency in References
	REFERENCE ELEMENTS
	Author
		9.7 Definition of Author
		9.8 Format of the Author Element
		9.9 Spelling and Capitalization of Author Names
		9.10 Identification of Specialized Roles
		9.11 Group Authors
		9.12 No Author
	Date
		9.13 Definition of Date
		9.14 Format of the Date Element
		9.15 Updated or Reviewed Online Works
		9.16 Retrieval Dates
		9.17 No Date
	Title
		9.18 Definition of Title
		9.19 Format of the Title Element
		9.20 Series and Multivolume Works
		9.21 Bracketed Descriptions
		9.22 No Title
	Source
		9.23 Definition of Source
		9.24 Format of the Source Element
		9.25 Periodical Sources
		9.26 Online Periodicals With Missing Information
		9.27 Article Numbers
		9.28 Edited Book Chapter and Reference Work Entry Sources
		9.29 Publisher Sources
		9.30 Database and Archive Sources
		9.31 Works With Specific Locations
		9.32 Social Media Sources
		9.33 Website Sources
		9.34 When to Include DOIs and URLs
		9.35 Format of DOIs and URLs
		9.36 DOI or URL Shorteners
		9.37 No Source
	Reference Variations
		9.38 Works in Another Language
		9.39 Translated Works
		9.40 Reprinted Works
		9.41 Republished or Reissued Works
		9.42 Religious and Classical Works
	Reference List Format and Order
		9.43 Format of the Reference List
		9.44 Order of Works in the Reference List
		9.45 Order of Surname and Given Name
		9.46 Order of Multiple Works by the Same First Author
		9.47 Order of Works With the Same Author and Same Date
		9.48 Order of Works by First Authors With the Same Surname
		9.49 Order of Works With No Author or an Anonymous Author
		9.50 Abbreviations in References
		9.51 Annotated Bibliographies
		9.52 References Included in a Meta-Analysis
10  REFERENCE EXAMPLES
	Contents
	Author Variations
	Date Variations
	Title Variations
	Source Variations
	Textual Works
		10.1 Periodicals
		10.2 Books and Reference Works
		10.3 Edited Book Chapters and Entries in Reference Works
		10.4 Reports and Gray Literature
		10.5 Conference Sessions and Presentations
		10.6 Dissertations and Theses
		10.7 Reviews
		10.8 Unpublished Works and Informally Published Works
	Data Sets, Software, and Tests
		10.9 Data Sets
		10.10 Computer Software, Mobile Apps, Apparatuses, and Equipment
		10.11 Tests, Scales, and Inventories
	Audiovisual Media
		10.12 Audiovisual Works
		10.13 Audio Works
		10.14 Visual Works
	Online Media
		10.15 Social Media
		10.16 Webpages and Websites
11  LEGAL REFERENCES
	Contents
	General Guidelines for Legal References
		11.1 APA Style References Versus Legal References
		11.2 General Forms
		11.3 In-Text Citations of Legal Materials
	Legal Reference Examples
		11.4 Cases or Court Decisions
		11.5 Statutes (Laws and Acts)
		11.6 Legislative Materials
		11.7 Administrative and Executive Materials
		11.8 Patents
		11.9 Constitutions and Charters
		11.10 Treaties and International Conventions
12  PUBLICATION PROCESS
	Contents
	Preparing for Publication
		12.1 Adapting a Dissertation or Thesis Into a Journal Article
		12.2 Selecting a Journal for Publication
		12.3 Prioritizing Potential Journals
		12.4 Avoiding Predatory Journals
	Understanding the Editorial Publication Process
		12.5 Editorial Publication Process
		12.6 Role of the Editors
		12.7 Peer Review Process
		12.8 Manuscript Decisions
	Manuscript Preparation
		12.9 Preparing the Manuscript for Submission
		12.10 Using an Online Submission Portal
		12.11 Writing a Cover Letter
		12.12 Corresponding During Publication
		12.13 Certifying Ethical Requirements
	Copyright and Permission Guidelines
		12.14 General Guidelines for Reprinting or Adapting Materials
		12.15 Materials That Require a Copyright Attribution
		12.16 Copyright Status
		12.17 Permission and Fair Use
		12.18 Copyright Attribution Formats
	During and After Publication
		12.19 Article Proofs
		12.20 Published Article Copyright Policies
		12.21 Open Access Deposit Policies
		12.22 Writing a Correction Notice
		12.23 Sharing Your Article Online
		12.24 Promoting Your Article
CREDITS FOR ADAPTED TABLES, FIGURES, AND PAPERS
REFERENCES