Antiviral and Antimicrobial Smart Coatings: Fundamentals and Applications

Front Matter
Copyright
Contributors
The world of microbes and its medical significance
	Introduction
	History of microbiology
	Classification of bacteria
	Strain development
		Primary screening
		Secondary screening of microorganisms
		Testing the quality of novel antibiotics
		Identification of microorganisms by biochemical tests
	Host-pathogen interaction
		Biofilm formation and associated diseases
		Mechanism of biofilm formation
		Diseases due to biofilm formation
	Dental plaque
	Corneal infections
	Urinary tract infection
	Medical implant diseases
	Uses of bacterial biofilms
	References
Biomaterials and biomimetics
	Introduction
	Methods or techniques used for the development of biomimetic surfaces or coatings
		Electrophoretic deposition (EPD)
		Plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO)
		Pulsed laser deposition (PLD)
		Hydrothermal deposition
		Electrospinning technique
	Smart coatings
		Antibacterial smart coatings
		Antiviral smart coatings
		Antifungal coatings
	Recent advances in biomaterials and biomimetics
	Outlook and conclusion
	References
	Further reading
Current scenario on the microbial world and associated diseases
	Introduction
		Impacts of bacteria on life
		Common strategies of bacterial pathogens to cause infection
			Adhesins
			Host invasion
			Collagenase
			Spreading factor
			Overcoming the immune system
			Toxins
			Quorum sensing
	References
Growth of microbes and biofilm formation on various materials
	Introduction
	Surface characteristics features in feasible microbial adhesion
		Differential charge on the surface
		Surface wettability
		Surface roughness
		Surface topography
		Surface stiffness
			Perseverance of microbes on solid surfaces
			Biofilm formation
		Initiation of solid-liquid interface
		Substratum compo sum
		Conditioning film
		Hydrodynamics
		Aqueous medium milieu
		Properties of the cell in biofilm formation
		Biofilm structure
	Mechanism of action of attachment to solid surfaces
		Bacterial attachment
	Growth of viruses on solid surfaces
		Viral adsorption
	References
Identification and culture test
	Introduction
	Staining techniques
		Simple staining
		Negative staining
		Differential staining
			Gram staining
			Acid-fast staining
			Albert staining
	Different culture techniques
		Methods of culture
			Streak culture
			Lawn or carpet culture
			Stroke culture
			Stab culture
			Liquid culture
			Pour-plate method
			Spread-plate method
		Types of culture media
	Biochemical tests
	Automated identification technique
		MALDI-TOF
		VITEK 2
		Phoenix
		MicroScan
	Molecular methods
		Molecular detection using PCR
		Biofire Film Array
		Loop-mediated isothermal amplification
		Flow cytometry
	Conclusions
	References
Industrial backgrounds and microbes growth
	Introduction
	Biofilm formation
		Reversible adherence
		Irreversible adherence
		Microcolony formation
		Maturation
		Dispersion
	Biofilm resistance
		Failure of antibiotics to penetrate biofilm
		Oxygen gradients
		Decreased growth rate
		Persister cells
		High rate of genetic material exchange
		Extracellular DNA
		Stress
		Mutation
		Quorum sensing
		Efflux pumps and membrane protein
	Human health and biofilms
		Cystic fibrosis
		Endocarditis
		Periodontitis
		Osteomyelitis
		Rhinosinusitis
		Infection in chronic wound
		Medical device-related biofilm infections
			Central venous catheters
			Urinary catheters
			Endotracheal tubes
			Prosthetic joints
			Pacemakers and heart valves
			Contact lenses
			Orthopedic implants
	Biofilm formation in food-processing environments
		Factors influencing biofilm formation in food industries
			Properties of the attachment surface
			Food matrix constituents
			Properties of the microbial cells
			Environmental conditions
		Biofilm in food industries
			Dairy industries
			Fish processing industry
			Poultry industry
			Meat industry
			Ready-to-eat (RTE) food industry
		Control of biofilm formation in food industries
	Microbiological corrosion
		Common bacteria in MIC process
			Sulfate-reducing bacteria
			Metal-oxidizing bacteria
			Iron-oxidizing bacteria (IOB)
			Slime-forming bacteria
			Acid-producing bacteria (APB)
			Iron-reducing bacteria (IRB)
			Methanogens
		Oxygen-free MIC mechanisms
			Extracellular electron transfer-MIC (EET-MIC)
			Metabolite-MIC (M-MIC)
			Biodegradation-MIC (BD-MIC)
		MIC mechanisms in the presence of oxygen
			MIC caused by metal-oxidizing bacteria
			Oxygen concentration cell
			Secretion of corrosive metabolites
		Mitigation of biocorrosion
			Biocides
			d-Amino acids
			Norspermidine
			Chelators
			Bacteriophage treatment
	Control of biofilms and limiting their related complications
		Physical control methods
			Ultrasonication
		Chemical control methods
			Sodium hypochlorite
			Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)
			Ozone
			Peracetic acid
		Biological control methods
			Enzymes
				Protease
				Polysaccharide-hydrolyzing enzymes
				Deoxyribonuclease I (DNase I)
				Lysostaphin
				Lyase
				Other enzymes
				Limitation of enzymatic eradication of biofilms
			Phages
			Inhibitors of QS system
				QS inhibition
				Preventing the biosynthesis of the AHL signal molecules
				Biodegradation or alteration of AHL signal molecule
				Interfering via analog compounds
				Suppressing alarmone scheme
			Antibiofilm mechanism of nanoparticles
				Silver nanoparticles
				Zinc oxide nanoparticles
				Titanium oxide nanoparticles
				Copper oxide nanoparticles
				Gold nanoparticles
				Organic nanoparticles
				Liposomes
				Dendrimers
			Disruption of the cell membrane by antimicrobial peptides (AMPs)
			Antimicrobial lipids (AML) as biofilm inhibitors
	References
Introduction of smart coatings in various directions
	Introduction
	Corrosion-resistant coatings
	Self-cleaning coatings
		Photocatalysis-assisted self-cleaning surface
	Antiicing surfaces
	Chromic-based smart coatings for textiles
	Corrosion sensing coatings
	Antigraffiti coatings
	Antifouling coatings
	Intumescent coatings
	Antimicrobial coatings
	Smart window coatings
	Summary
	References
Working principles of various smart coatings on microbes/virus growth
	Introduction
	What are smart coatings?
	Why smart coatings?
	Strategies used by smart coatings to combat microbes
		Antiadhesive surfaces
		Contact killing of adhered microbes
			Drawback of contact-killing mechanism
		Biocidal release mechanism
		Physical strategies
			Topographic modifications
	Smart and synergistic antimicrobial coatings
		Self-defensive antibacterial coatings
			pH-responsive self-defensive antibacterial coatings
			Bacteria-secreted substance-responsive self-defensive antibacterial coatings
		Synergistic antibacterial coatings
		Smart kill and release antibacterial coatings
	Different materials used for smart coatings
		Nanoparticles
		Antimicrobial polymers
		Metal ion- and oxide-based antimicrobial coatings
	Application of smart coating
	Conclusions and future work
	References
Biomimetics in smart coatings
	Introduction
	Acknowledged biomimetics and their applications
		The lotus effect-superhydrophobic-dust repellant
		The shark's skin drag reduction and bioactive coatings
		Structural color coating inspired by blue butterfly wings
		Pitcher plant-inspired coating-Antifouling, natural cleaner
		Moth eye-inspired optically active surface coating
		Honeycomb-inspired superhydrophobic and robust coatings
		Gecko-inspired reversible adhesive coatings
		Cicada wings-self-cleaning and antibacterial surfaces
	Recent developments
		Color-changing film inspired by chameleon skin
		Diamond-resembling carbon coatings
		Slippery liquid-infused porous coating (SLIPS)-A special kind
	Summary
	References
Self-cleaning coating materials
	Basics of self-cleaning surfaces (SCSs)
	Self-cleaning surfaces from nature
	Mechanism of wettability in hydrophobic surfaces
		Young's equation
		Cassie-Baxter model
		Wenzel model
		Recent advances in superhydrophobic coatings
			Superhydrophobic coatings from natural waxes
			Superhydrophobic coatings from proteins
			Superhydrophobic coatings from fatty acids
			Superhydrophobic coatings from cellulose and its derivatives
	Approaches for growing durable self-cleaning surfaces
		Dip-coating technique
		Electrospray/electrospinning coating
		Chemical etching
	Applications of self-cleaning surfaces
		Blood repellent
		Solar cell and water harvesting
		Fabrics and textiles
		Antibacterial coatings
		Anticorrosion
		Medical industry
		Antiicing protection
		Antireflective and transparent coatings
		Oil water sorption and separation
	Conclusions
	References
Antimicrobial coatings based on polymeric materials
	Introduction
	Antimicrobial polymer synthesis and coating fabrication strategies
		Structurally modified polymers
		Antimicrobial agent incorporated polymers
	Applications of the antimicrobial polymer coatings
		Antimicrobial polymer coatings in the food industry
		Antimicrobial polymer coatings in textile industry
		Antimicrobial polymer coatings in biomedical applications
	Conclusions
	References
Nano based technologies for antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral coatings
	Introduction
	Role of nanotechnology in smart coatings
		Nanotechnology against COVID-19
		An indispensable nanocoating
		Nanomaterial in medicine
	Nanotechnology in therapeutic and health-care applications
		Nanotechnology for antibacterial coating
			Physical vapor deposition (PVD) coating
				Physical vapor deposition process and its principle
			Plasma-assisted antibacterial coating
				Process of deposition
			Thermal evaporation (TE)
			Chemical vapor deposition (CVD)
			Sol-gel process
				Biocidal sol-gel coating
			Smart antibacterial coatings
		Nanotechnology for antifungal coating
			Layer-by-layer (LbL) technique
			Antifungal edible coatings-on postharvest loss
				Coatings vs films
			Tablet coating
				Advantages of tablet coating
			Long-term antimicrobial device coatings
		Nanotechnology for antiviral coating
			Nanomaterials-Viral entry inhibitors
				Metal nanoparticle-based antiviral strategies
				Multimechanism antiviral nanomaterial-Graphene oxide
					Applications: Antiviral coatings and materials
					Coatings empower viricidal and antiviral properties
				Antiviral polymer
				Antiviral metal oxides/metal ions
				Antiviral functional nanomaterials
	Conclusion and future perspective
	Acknowledgment
	References
	Further reading
Nanomaterial-based smart coatings as antimicrobials
	Introduction
	Strategies of antimicrobial coatings
	Smart antimicrobial coatings: A bright perspective
	Nanomaterials as antimicrobial coating
	Smart coatings and stimuli
	Some examples of smart antimicrobial coatings
		Silver nanoparticles in smart coatings
		Zinc nanoparticles in smart coatings
		Titanium-based smart antimicrobial coatings
		Chitosan-based smart antimicrobial coatings
		Other nonmaterial-based smart antimicrobial coatings
	Conclusions and future outlook
	References
Hybrid antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral smart coatings
	Introduction
	Antibacterial coatings
	Antifungal coatings
	Antiviral coatings
	Conclusions and future perspectives
	Acknowledgment
	References
Edible and food-safe antiviral and antimicrobial smart coatings
	Introduction
		Need for edible films and coatings
		Importance of antimicrobial and antiviral coatings
	Edible coatings and films
		Protein-based edible films
			Casein
			Whey proteins (WP)
			Gelatin-based films
		Polysaccharide-based films
			Cellulose and derivatives
			Starch and derivatives
			Chitosan and its derivatives
			Alginates
			Pectin
		Lipids
			Wax
			Free fatty acids
			Resins
	Conclusions
	Future perspectives
	References
Plant extract-based antibacterial coating: An introduction
	Introduction
	Antibacterial/antimicrobial properties of plant extract
	Plant-based edible coating having antimicrobial/antibacterial effect
	Methods of extraction
	Incorporation route
	Conclusions
	References
Bioengineered metal-based antimicrobial nanomaterials for surface coatings
	Introduction
	Green nanotechnology: An overview of bioengineering of metal-based nanomaterials
		Green synthesis of nanomaterials using plants
		Green synthesis of nanomaterials using fungi
		Green synthesis of nanomaterials using bacteria
		Green synthesis of nanomaterials using algae
	Antimicrobial potential of green synthesized metal-based nanomaterials
		Antimicrobial potential of green synthesized silver nanomaterials
		Antimicrobial potential of green synthesized gold nanomaterials
		Antimicrobial potential of green synthesized selenium nanomaterials
		Antimicrobial potential of green synthesized copper nanomaterials
		Antimicrobial potential of green synthesized zinc nanomaterials
	Recent advances in green synthesized metal-based nanomaterials for surface coatings
	Conclusions and future outlook
	References
Green antibacterial and antifungal smart coating
	Bacterial and bacterial contamination
	Green metal nanoparticles
	Antifungal properties of the coatings
	Smart antibacterial coatings
	Types of antibacterial coatings
	Smart antibacterial and antifungal coatings for various applications
		Medical devices
		Health care and light activated
		Textile
		Food packaging
		Smart antiadhesive coatings
	References
Green synthesis of metal nanoparticles and its antibacterial study
	Introduction
	Classification of nanoparticles
	Preparation of metal nanoparticles (MNPs)
		Green synthesis of noble MNPs
	Characterization of synthesized MNPs
	Antibacterial test
	Applications in MNPs in everyday life
	Smart nanomaterials
	Summary
	References
Bioactivity prospection, antimicrobial, nutraceutical, and pharmacological potentialities of Carica papaya
	Introduction
	Nutraceutical potentialities of Carica papaya
		Antimicrobial properties
			Anthelmintic property
			Bacteriostatic property
			Antitrichomonal activity
		Pharmaceutical properties
			Anticancer activity
			Antidiabetic activity
			Antioxidant activity
			Rejuvenation activity
			Contraceptive activity
			Renal activity
			Effect on the gastrointestinal track
			Immunity booster
			Antimalarial activity
			Antidengue agent
			Obesity control
			Sickle cell anemia
			Heart diseases
			Hepatoprotective activity
	Challenges and concluding remarks
	References
Index
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