Antimicrobial therapy

1.pdf......Page 1
2.pdf......Page 2
tlink1......Page 7
Penicillins......Page 9
The beta-lactams......Page 11
Carbapenems......Page 12
The aminoglycosides......Page 13
The tetracyclines......Page 14
Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole......Page 15
The glycopeptides......Page 16
The streptogramins......Page 17
The lipopeptides......Page 18
Many battles won but the war goes on-the evolution of antimicrobial resistance......Page 19
Origin of resistance genes......Page 21
Antibiotics with novel modes of action......Page 24
Ubiquitous natural antibiotics......Page 25
Bacterial attachment inhibitors......Page 26
Bacteriophages as antimicrobial agents......Page 27
Societal issues outside the medical world......Page 28
Antibiotic use in developing countries......Page 29
The hope of altering these gloomy prospects......Page 30
References......Page 33
In Vitro Susceptibility Testing Versus In Vivo Effectiveness......Page 37
Host/pathogen factors that influence the effectiveness of antimicrobial therapy......Page 38
Intrinsic factors that influence the effectiveness of antimicrobial therapy......Page 41
Susceptibility testing and the clinical microbiology laboratory......Page 44
Summary......Page 45
References......Page 46
Doxycycline......Page 49
Older antibiotics revisited......Page 50
New uses for older antibiotics......Page 51
Nitrofurantoin......Page 52
Colistin and polymyxin B......Page 54
Doxycycline and minocycline......Page 56
Summary......Page 61
References......Page 62
What’s a macrolide or a ketolide?......Page 68
Macrolide activity and resistance with Streptococcus pneumoniae......Page 69
Ketolide activity and resistance with Streptococcus pneumoniae......Page 72
The prevalence and epidemiology of macrolide resistance......Page 73
The clinical significance of macrolide resistance......Page 76
Will ketolide resistance emerge with S pneumoniae?......Page 77
Summary......Page 78
References......Page 79
Proton-pump-inhibitor-based triple therapies......Page 84
Clinical manifestations......Page 85
Diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori......Page 86
Treatment of Helicobacter pylori......Page 87
First-line therapy......Page 88
Bismuth-based triple therapies......Page 90
Second-line therapy......Page 91
Third-line rescue therapy......Page 92
Penicillin allergy......Page 93
Summary......Page 94
References......Page 95
Antimicrobial Therapy of Clostridium difficile-Associated Diarrhea......Page 100
Clinical manifestations of C difficile-associated disease......Page 101
Risk factors for CDAD......Page 102
Laboratory methods......Page 103
Antimicrobial activity of different drugs against C difficile......Page 104
Antimicrobial treatment of CDAD......Page 105
Other drugs to be used......Page 106
Nonantimicrobial treatment......Page 107
Treatment of relapsing episodes......Page 108
Characteristics of aggressive recent epidemic outbreaks......Page 110
References......Page 111
Antimicrobial Therapy of Multidrug-Resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae, Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci, and Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus......Page 123
Acquired antibiotic resistance......Page 124
In vitro antibiotic susceptibility and in vivo effectiveness......Page 125
Antibiotic-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae......Page 126
Vancomycin-resistant enterococci......Page 127
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus......Page 131
Community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus andnbsphospital-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus......Page 134
References......Page 136
Cellulitis......Page 141
Osteomyelitis......Page 143
Neutropenic fever......Page 144
Staphylococcus......Page 145
Viridans and other streptococci......Page 146
Coagulase-negative staphylococci......Page 147
HACEK organisms......Page 148
Pneumonia......Page 149
Summary......Page 151
References......Page 152
Oral Antibiotic Therapy of Serious Systemic Infections......Page 154
Oral absorption in the critically ill......Page 155
Intravenous rarr oral switch therapy......Page 156
Advantages of oral antibiotic therapy......Page 157
Serious infections traditionally treated with oral antibiotics......Page 158
Factors in oral antibiotic selection......Page 159
Febrile neutropenia......Page 164
Severe community-acquired pneumonia......Page 166
Nosocomial/ventilator-associated pneumonias......Page 167
S. viridans subacute and acute bacterial endocarditis......Page 169
The oral therapy of methicillin sensitive S aureus/methicillin-resistant S aureus acute bacterial endocarditis......Page 170
Summary......Page 171
References......Page 174
Gastric acid suppression......Page 180
Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic drug-drug interactions......Page 181
beta-lactams......Page 184
Pharmacodynamic interactions......Page 185
Inhibition of CYP3A4......Page 186
Inhibition of P-glycoprotein......Page 188
Fluoroquinolones......Page 189
Levofloxacin/ofloxacin......Page 190
Moxifloxacin......Page 191
Aminoglycosides......Page 192
Vancomycin......Page 193
Linezolid......Page 194
Tetracyclines......Page 195
Tigecycline......Page 196
Clindamycin......Page 198
Metronidazole......Page 199
Chloramphenicol......Page 200
Antiviral agents (nonretroviral)......Page 201
Antiherpesvirus agents......Page 202
Anti-influenza agents......Page 206
Isoniazid......Page 207
Rifampin......Page 208
References......Page 210
Antibiotic Selection in the Penicillin-Allergic Patient......Page 213
Drug fever......Page 214
Maculopapular drug rashes......Page 215
Penicillin cross-reactivity with beta-lactams......Page 216
Penicillin allergy with hives or anaphylaxis......Page 217
Summary......Page 218
References......Page 219
Clinical Approach to Antibiotic Failure......Page 221
Treatable infection with incomplete response......Page 222
Surgical components......Page 224
Miscellaneous complications......Page 226
Treatable infection clinically failing to respond......Page 227
The wrong antibiotic......Page 228
Antibiotics not reaching site of infection......Page 229
Inadequate local activity......Page 230
Point of no return......Page 232
References......Page 233
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