Anthropology in Medical Education: Sustaining Engagement and Impact

Contents
About the Editors
Chapter 1: Anthropological Engagement in Medical Education: An Introduction
	About This Book
		Medical School Culture
		Beyond Cultural Competency
		Ethics and Humanities
		Addressing Socio-cultural Determinants of Health and Health Disparities
	References
Part I: Medical School Culture
	Chapter 2: Anthropologists in Medical Education in the United States: 1890s to the Present
		Introduction
			Methods
		Medicine and Early Anthropological Roles in Medical Education
			Scientific Medicine and the Consolidation of Biomedicine
			The Flexner Report
			Early Contributions of Physical Anthropologists to Medicine
		Shift from Physical Anthropology to Cultural Anthropology in the Practice of Medicine
		Foundations of Theoretical Models in the 1970s
		Community Medicine and Clinical Care
			Community Medicine and Medical Education: 1960s-1980s
			Miami Health Ecology Project
		Clinical Anthropology: 1980s and Beyond
			Transcultural Nursing
			Occupational Therapy
			Psychiatry
			Family Medicine
			Medical Humanities
			MD/PhD in Anthropology Programs
		Continuous ``Anthropological´´ Themes in Medical Education
			Culture of Biomedicine
			From Cultural Competence to Cultural Humility and Integrative Medicine
			From Culture and Communities to Social Determinants of Health and Structural Violence
		Conclusions
		References
	Chapter 3: Beyond Moralism in Medical Education: The Making of Physician-Anthropologists for the Study of Good Care in France
		A Brief Introduction to French Medical Folklore
		Humanities as Moral Education
		Beyond a Chorus of Complaints in Medical Education
		The Making of Physician-Anthropologists in Psychiatry
		Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 4: Managing Uncertainty: Collaborative Clinical Case Conferences for Physicians and Anthropologists in Japan
		The State of Anthropology in Medical Education in Japan
		Confronting Uncertainty
		Beginning Collaboration Between Physicians and Anthropologists
		The Structure of a Collaborative Clinical Case Conference
			Selection of a Case
			Enrichment of the Sociocultural Aspect of the Case
			On the Day of a CCCC
		Cases and Comments
		Reaching a National Audience: CCCCs at the Japanese Primary Care Association (JPCA) Annual Meeting
		Staff´s Reflections
			Physician Staff´s Reflections
			Anthropologists´ Reflections
		Further Expanding the Impacts
			Trials at C Medical School
		The Variability of Anthropology
		Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 5: How Medical Students in the United Kingdom Think: About Anthropology, for Example
		Introduction
		The Place of the `Alley Cats´ in Medical Education in the UK
		Ethnographic Research in Two UK Medical Schools
			Context and Field Sites
			Ethnographic Fieldwork at NEMS
			Autoethnography at Keele´s School of Medicine
			Ethics
		The Invisibility of Anthropology
			Institutional Slang
			Topics Versus Disciplines
		The Hidden Curriculum: `Fluffy´ Versus `Real´ Medicine
			Social Science Teaching
			Social Science Learning
			Professional Status of Social Scientists in Medical Education
		Sustained Engagement with Anthropology in Medical Education
		References
	Chapter 6: Anthropologist as University Strategic Planner Envisioning a New Medical School with a Focus on Community-Based Care
		Introduction
		Career Experiences
			Native American Health and Healing
			University of Oklahoma: Anthropology Department
			University of Oklahoma Medical School: Interdisciplinary Social Scientists
			University of Oklahoma Medical School: Urban Indian Clinic
			University of Oklahoma Medical School: Department of Psychiatry
			University of Oklahoma Medical School: Epidemiology Department
			Plains Apache Tribe: OU Stovall Museum of Science and History
			University of Miami Medical School: Department of Psychiatry, Office of Transcultural Education and Research
			University of Miami Department of Psychiatry: Neighborhood Family Services
			Florida International University: Sociology/Anthropology Department, and Southeast Florida Center on Aging
			Florida International University: Accreditation
			Florida International University: Academic Policies and Procedures
			Florida International University: Strategic Planner
			Florida International University: Medical School Concept Committee
		Lessons from the Perspective of a Planner
			Biomedical Hegemony
			Value of Ethnography and Methods
			Maintaining an Anthropologist Professional Role and Identity
			Applying Anthropological Theory and Directing Organizational Culture
		Conclusion
		References
Part II: Beyond Cultural Competency
	Chapter 7: Participatory Anthropology for Teaching Behavioral Sciences at a Medical School in Zambia
		Introduction
		The Place and Role of an Anthropologist in a School of Medicine
		The Structure of Modern Medical Education
		Sample Case Study: Participant Observation and the Importance of Context
		The Challenging Experiences at the Medical School: Barriers and then Progress
		The Dream House: The Importance of Communication
		Participatory Anthropology as a Strategy
		Reflecting on the Evaluation of the BS Course: Lessons Learned and Looking Forward
		Sustaining Anthropological Engagement in Medical Education and Way Forward
		References
	Chapter 8: From the Patient´s Point of View: An Anthropological Response to Medicine´s Social Responsibility in Canadian Medic...
		Introduction
		Policy, Healthcare, and Medical Education
		The Role of Anthropology in the Curriculum Design
			Evaluating Non-traditional Coursework
		Policy, Healthcare, and Medical Education
			Faculty
			Students
		Anthropology in the Medical Curriculum
			Patient Experience: Phenomenological Accounts
			The Social Milieu of Health Care
		Final Reflections
		References
	Chapter 9: Medical Anthropology Teaching at the National Autonomous University of Mexico Medical School: A Reflexive Analysis ...
		Introduction
		Background: The History of Anthropology Instruction Within UNAM Medical School
		Teaching Concepts Tailored to the Mexican Social Context
			Diversity vs. Pluriculturality/Interculturality
			Social Determinants of Health
			Humanistic, Patient-Centered Care
		How Anthropological Concepts Unfold in Contemporary Mexican Medical Education
			The Medical Degree: The 2010 Competency-Based Curriculum
			Graduate Degrees in Medical Anthropology
			Certificate-Granting Workshops
		Successes and Limitations
		Future Directions
		Recommendations for Integrating Anthropology into Medical School Curriculums
		References
Part III: Ethics and Humanities
	Chapter 10: Translation Without Medicalization: Ethnographic Notes on the Planning and Development of a Health Humanities Prog...
		Introduction
		Context and Structure
		The Health Humanities Work Group
		Making Space and Stitching Pieces Together
			Convening Faculty
			Dialogical Engagement, Iterative Processes, and Education Investment
		Working Across Schools/Disciplines
		The Liminal Road Between Towers: Anthropology and Medicine-An Ethnographer´s Experience
		Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 11: Wearing a Cloak and Many Hats: Expectations of Anthropologists in an Academic Health Science Center in Texas
		Humanities, Anthropology and Medical Education
		Wearing a Cloak and Many Hats: Strategies of Legitimation
			Strategies of Legitimation: The Interprofessionalism Hat (Macdonald)
			Strategies of Legitimation: Crowder-The Role of the Arts in Medicine
		Evolving the HEP2 Curriculum
		The Creative Expressions Project (2012-2015)
		Conclusion: Obstacles and Opportunities
		References
	Chapter 12: Inclusivity in Medical Education: Teaching Integrative and Alternative Medicine in Kentucky
		Introduction
		Medical Education and the Standard Curriculum
		Elective Courses in Integrative and Alternative Medicine
		The Nineteenth Century American Medical Landscape
		The Flexner Report
		Global Perspectives
		Evidence-Based Medicine
		Personalized Medicine and the Direct to Consumer Movement
		Career Pathways for Medical Students
		Final Thoughts
		References
Part IV: Addressing Socio-cultural Determinants of Health and Health Disparities
	Chapter 13: Anthropology in the Implementation of a New Medical School in South Florida
		Introduction
		Development and Implementation of the Medicine and Society Curriculum
			A Note on Teaching Cultural Competency
			Interprofessional Teamwork
			Transitions and Alternative Roles in Medical Education
		Challenges and Strategies for More Effectively Teaching in Medicine
			Philosophical Isolation and Its Antidote
			Thriving Within the ``Status Gap´´
			Working with Increasingly Diverse Medical Students
			Developing Empathy for Medical Students
			Focusing on Clinical Relevance
			Establishing a Common Language
			Conveying Complex Ideas Simply
		Conclusions
		References
	Chapter 14: Anthropologists on Interprofessional Health Education Teams: A Model from Upstate New York
		Introduction
		Consortium on Culture and Medicine: Institutional Infrastructure
		Community Action Research and Education: Building Relationships and Capacity
		Social Determinants of Health: An Integrating Concept
		Route 90 Collaborative: Moving Beyond Syracuse
		Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 15: Using Anthropological Perspectives to Integrate Health Equity Across a Family Medicine Residency Program in New Me...
		Medical Anthropology Frameworks
		Setting
		Social Determinants of Health Curriculum Prior to Revisions
		Revisions and New Components of Curriculum with Anthropological Foundations
			Community Medicine Curriculum
			Care of Marginalized Populations Curriculum
			Health Policy Curriculum
			Longitudinal Health Equity Curriculum
		Challenges: Graduate Medical Education (GME) Structure
		Impact
		Lessons Learned
		References
Part V: Conclusion
	Chapter 16: Contributions, Constraints, and Facilitations for Sustained Engagement of Anthropology in Medical Education
		Introduction
			Methods
		Contributions
			Ethnography
			Community Engagement and Understanding the Socio-cultural Context of Health
			Communication and Collaboration Skills
			Organizational Development and Management
		Constraints
			Science, Humanism, and What Counts as Evidence
			Clinical Relevance
			Funding and Research Constraints
			Status Gap
			Hidden Curriculum
			Medical Teacher Credentialing
			Identity Loss and Isolation
			Lack of Adequate Preparation for Roles in Medicine
		Facilitating Sustained Engagement and Impact
			Maintaining Anthropological Identity
			Making Anthropological Perspectives Palatable
			Changing the Culture of Anthropology: Training Anthropologists for Medical School Careers
			Institutional Supports
		References
Index