Antennas for IoT

ANTENNAS FOR IoT
	CONTENTS
	1
INTRODUCTION
		1.1 ANTENNA APPLICATION AREAS IN IoT
		1.2 SENSORS AND ANTENNAS
			1.2.1 IoT Topologies
		1.3 IoT IN ACTION
		1.4 INDUSTRIAL IoT
			1.4.1 Details of Applications in IoT with Frequencies
		1.5 ANTENNA PARAMETERS
		1.6 ANTENNAS USED IN IoT DEVICES
			1.6.1 Considerations for Patch Antennas
			1.6.2 Chip and PCB Antenna Considerations
			1.6.3 IoT Directional Antennas
			1.6.4 Trace Antennas
			1.6.5 Flexible Printed Circuit
			1.6.6 Wired Helix
			1.6.7 Surface Mount Technology Antennas
			1.6.8 3-D Antennas
			1.6.9 Smart Antennas
		1.7 THE COMPLEXITY OF THE ISSUE
		1.8 WAYS THE ANTENNA IS DECEIVING YOU
		1.9 THE INTENDED USE IS WITH A DIFFERENT ELECTRONICS UNIT
		1.10 VARIATION IN REGULATIONS AND DIRECTIONALITY
		1.11 ADDITIONAL ISSUE: THE WRONG PLUG-IN
			1.11.1 IoT Sensors Combined with Antennas in a Connected World
		1.12 CONCLUSION
		References
	2
INDUSTRY 4.0
		2.1 INTRODUCTION
		2.2 ANTENNA TECHNOLOGIES IN THE NEAR FUTURE
		2.3 ANTENNAS SUITED FOR INDUSTRY 4.0
		2.4 METAMATERIAL-BASED ANTENNAS
		2.5 TERAHERTZ ANTENNAS FOR IoT
		2.6 FRACTAL ANTENNAS
		2.7 PLASMA ANTENNAS
		2.8 RECONFIGURABLE ANTENNAS
		2.9 GAP WAVEGUIDE
		2.10 NEW ANTENNAS WITH MIMO CAPABILITIES FOR IoT APPLICATIONS
		2.11 CONCLUSION
		References
	3
RF AND MICROWAVE ASPECTS OF IoT
		3.1 INTRODUCTION
		3.2 IMPORTANCE OF RF AND MICROWAVE TECHNOLOGIES IN IoT
		3.3 SCOPE OF RF TECHNOLOGY IN IoT
			3.3.1 Wearable Technology
			3.3.2 Smart Cities
			3.3.3 Industrial and Automobile
			3.3.4 Supply Chain and Retail Management
			3.3.5 Healthcare
			3.3.6 Energy Management
			3.3.7 Smart Farming and Agriculture
		3.4 RF FUNDAMENTALS FOR IoT
			3.4.1 Sensitivity
			3.4.2 Use in Real Life
			3.4.3 Transmitter Output Power
			3.4.4 Transmitter Loss
			3.4.5 Antenna Gain
			3.4.6 Hypothetical Example
			3.4.7 Conclusion
		3.5 WHAT IS RF IN IoT?
		3.6 TRANSFORMING IoT WITH 5G RF
			3.6.1 Enhanced Mobile Broadband
			3.6.2 Low Latency
			3.6.3 Massive IoT
		3.7 5G RF USE CASES IN IoT
			3.7.1 Remote Robotics
			3.7.2 Smart Cities
			3.7.3 Agriculture
		3.8 RF PRODUCT RECOMMENDATIONS OF IoT
			3.8.1 Dragino NB-IoT Shield-B5
			3.8.2 NB-IoT
			3.8.3 SenseCAP Sensor Hub 4G Data Logger
			3.8.4 Wio-E5 Development Kit
		3.9 CONCLUSION
		References
	4
BASIC ANTENNAS IN IoT
		4.1 INTRODUCTION
		4.2 DESIGN OF ANTENNAS
			4.2.1 Need for Matching
			4.2.2 Matching Impedance
			4.2.3 Reflected Power and VSWR
			4.2.4 Bandwidth
			4.2.5 Percentage Bandwidth
			4.2.6 Radiation Levels
			4.2.7 Directivity
			4.2.8 Aperture Efficiency
			4.2.9 Antenna Efficiency
			4.2.10 Gain
			4.2.11 Near Field
			4.2.12 Far Field
			4.2.13 Field Pattern
			4.2.14 Radiation Pattern
			4.2.15 Impedance Pattern
		4.3 TYPES OF ANTENNAS
			4.3.1 Antenna Arrays
			4.3.2 Bow-Tie Antennas
			4.3.3 Helical Antennas
			4.3.4 Planar Antennas
			4.3.5 Polymer Antennas
			4.3.6 Printed Antennas
			4.3.7 2-D and 3-D Antennas
		4.4 CONCLUSION
		References
	5
ANTENNA MEASUREMENT SYSTEMS
		5.1 INTRODUCTION
		5.2 EQUIPMENT NEEDED FOR ANTENNA MEASUREMENTS
		5.3 WHY MEASUREMENT LOCATION IS IMPORTANT
		5.4 RANGES IN FREE SPACE (ANECHOIC CHAMBERS)
			5.4.1 Anechoic Rooms
			5.4.2 Heightened Ranges
			5.4.3 Smaller Ranges
		5.5 DIRECTIVITY AND EFFECTIVENESS
		5.6 IMPEDANCE MEASUREMENTS
		5.7 ISOLATION MEASUREMENTS
		5.8 SCALE MODEL MEASUREMENTS
		5.9 SPECIFIC ABSORPTION RATE
		5.10 SAR MEASUREMENT
		5.11 CONCLUSION
		References
	6
MINIATURIZATION TECHNOLOGIES
		6.1 INTRODUCTION
		6.2 PRACTICALITIES IN MINIATURIZATION
			6.2.1 Performance Limitations for Tiny Antennas
			6.2.2 Miniaturization Measurement
		6.3 METAMATERIALS-BASED MINIATURIZATION
			6.3.1 Inventions of Antennas Based on Metamaterials
			6.3.2 Miniaturization Using Metamaterials
		6.4 WEARABLE ANTENNAS
			6.4.1 What Exactly Are Wearable Antennas?
			6.4.2 The Physiological Impact of Wearables on Humans
			6.4.3 The Effect of the Human Body on Antennas That Are Worn
			6.4.4 Conclusion
		6.5 CONFORMAL ANTENNAS
		6.6 CONCLUSION
		References
	7
IoT IN SMART CITIES
		7.1 INTRODUCTION
		7.2 WHY ARE SMART CITIES NECESSARY?
			7.2.1 Interfaces for Application Programming
			7.2.2 Qualities of Smart Cities
		7.3 HOW SMART CITIES OPERATE
		7.4 SMART CITY SUSTAINABILITY PROMOTION
		7.5 CHALLENGES AND CONCERNS WITH SMART CITIES
		7.6 WHO AND HOW TO USE DATA FROM SMART CITIES
		7.7 THE ROLE OF SMARTPHONES IN IoT-ENABLED SMART CITIES
		7.8 PRACTICAL ASPECT OF SMART CITY AND ITS COMPONENTS IN THE IoT ERA
		7.9 FUTURE IoT USE CASES
		7.10 IoT SENSORS
			7.10.1 Sensors for Temperature
			7.10.2 Gas Detectors
			7.10.3 Infrared IoT Sensors
			7.10.4 Accelerometer Sensors
			7.10.5 Gyroscope Sensors
		7.11 EXAMPLES OF IoT AND SENSOR INTEGRATION IN A SMART CITY
			7.11.1 England
			7.11.2 Singapore
			7.11.3 Netherlands
		7.12 SENSOR INTEGRATION FOR IoT
		7.13 FUTURE TRENDS FOR IoT IN SMART CITIES
			7.13.1 Fire Alarm System
			7.13.2 Systems for Inspecting Bridges
			7.13.3 Sensors for Waste Management
		7.14 IoT BENEFITS AND DRAWBACKS FOR SMART CITIES
		7.15 DRAWBACKS OF IoT SOLUTIONS FOR SMART CITIES
		7.16 IoT AND CLOUD COMPUTING IN SMART CITIES
		7.17 CONCLUSION
		References
	8
IoT IN WIRELESS COMMUNICATION
		8.1 INTRODUCTION
		8.2 IoT DEFINITIONS IN WIRELESS
		8.3 IoT ARCHITECTURE
		8.4 IoT AND WIRELESS COMMUNICATION COMPATIBILITY
			8.4.1 Satellite
			8.4.2 Wi-Fi
			8.4.3 Radio Waves
			8.4.4 RFID
			8.4.5 Bluetooth
			8.4.6 NFC
		8.5 IoT COMMUNICATION AND NETWORKING PROTOCOL DEVELOPMENT CHALLENGES
			8.5.1 Software Definability
			8.5.2 Integration, Compatibility, and Interoperability
			8.5.3 Network Computing
			8.5.4 For and by AI
			8.5.5 Energy Efficiency
			8.5.6 Multiple Communication Channels
			8.5.7 Privacy and Security
			8.5.8 Mobility in IoT Devices
		8.6 CONCLUSION
		References
	9 IoT IN SURVEILLANCE AND SECURITY
		9.1 INTRODUCTION
		9.2 THE IoT SECURITY FRAMEWORK: AN OVERVIEW
			9.2.1 Physical Layer
			9.2.2 Edge Network
			9.2.3 Core Network
			9.2.4 Processing Layer (Cloud)
		9.3 THREATS TO IoT SECURITY AND SOLUTIONS
			9.3.1 Botnet-Based DDoS Attacks
			9.3.2 Zero-Day Vulnerabilities
			9.3.3 Ransomware Assault
			9.3.4 Listening In
			9.3.5 An Attempt at Social Engineering
		9.4 IoT SECURITY GUIDELINES
		9.5 ENTERPRISE IoT SECURITY IN NORTH AMERICA: CURRENT SITUATION
		9.6 VIEWING IoT SURVEILLANCE’S FUTURE
		9.7 FUTURE OBSTACLES FOR IoT VIDEO SURVEILLANCE
		9.8 WHY ARE IoT SECURITY SOLUTIONS NECESSARY FOR TODAY’S NETWORKS?
			9.8.1 Securing a Network’s Operation and Digital Border
		9.9 HOW SHOULD WE HANDLE DATA PRIVACY?
		9.10 CONCLUSION
		References
	10
RELIABILITY AND SECURITY CHALLENGES
		10.1 INTRODUCTION
		10.2 UNAVOIDABLE ENCOUNTERS
		10.3 STANDINGS AND SITUATIONS
		10.4 RESEARCH CONCERNS
		10.5 STABLE FOUNDATIONS UPON WHICH TO CONSTRUCT
		10.6 DEVICE DEPENDABILITY
		10.7 THE DEPENDABILITY OF NETWORKS AND COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
		10.8 AVAILABILITY AND DEPENDABILITY AT THE APPLICATION LEVEL
		10.9 FINDING EFFICIENT SOLUTIONS TO ENSURE THE DEPENDABILITY OF IoT SYSTEMS
		10.10 THE SIGNIFICANCE OF PROTECTING CONNECTED DEVICES
			10.10.1 Unsecured Correspondence
			10.10.2 Data Breaches Involving IoT Systems
			10.10.3 Malware Risks
			10.10.4 Cyberattacks
		10.11 THE MOST EFFECTIVE STRATEGIES FOR ENSURING THE SAFETY OF IoT SYSTEMS
		10.12 CONCLUSION
		References
	11
FUTURE SCOPE AND CONCLUSION
		11.1 ANTENNAS 3-D PRINTING TECHNOLOGY
		11.2 NEW TREND TO GET ANTENNAS THAT ARE MUCH SMALLER: MINIATURIZATION
		11.3 FUTURE ANTENNA TECHNOLOGY
		11.4 CONCLUSION
		Reference
	ABOUT THE AUTHOR
	INDEX