Antarctica: The Most Interactive Ice-Air-Ocean Environment (Arctic Regioni and Antarctica Issues and Research)

ANTARCTICA: THE MOST INTERACTIVE ICE-AIR-OCEAN ENVIRONMENT......Page 5
CONTENTS......Page 7
FOREWORD......Page 9
PREFACE......Page 11
ABOUT THE EDITORS......Page 13
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS......Page 19
ABSTRACT......Page 21
INTRODUCTION......Page 22
WHAT IS ALL HIDDEN IN ANTARCTICA?......Page 23
THE FASCINATING CONTINENT......Page 24
IDEAL PLACE FOR SCIENTIFIC INVENTIONS......Page 26
LIFE IN EXTREME ENVIRONMENT......Page 31
REFERENCES......Page 32
ABSTRACT......Page 33
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 34
2. INTERACTION BETWEEN THE MAIN ANTARCTIC CONTINENT AND THE SOUTHERN OCEAN......Page 35
3. SODAR MEASUREMENTS......Page 38
4. BASIC PLANETARY BOUNDARY LAYER STRUCTURES......Page 39
4.1 Surface Based Inversion (Stable Atmospheric Structure)......Page 40
4.2. Thermal Convection......Page 42
4.3. Elevated Layers / Inversions......Page 43
5. NORMAL ATMOSPHERIC PHENOMENA......Page 44
6.1. Prolonged Persistence of Thermal Convection......Page 46
6.2. The Rising Layer......Page 48
REFERENCES......Page 51
ABSTRACT......Page 59
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 60
2. MATERIAL AND METHODS......Page 61
2.3. Sampling Techniques......Page 64
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION......Page 65
3.1. Structure and Function of the SO Ecosystem......Page 67
3.2. Biotic (Living Matter)......Page 68
3.2.1. Producers......Page 69
3.2.2. Consumers......Page 70
3.3. Food Chain and Food Web......Page 78
3.4.1. Frequency Distribution......Page 79
3.4.2. Plant Biomass (Standing Crop)......Page 82
3.5.2. pH, Dissolved Oxygen and Conductivity......Page 83
3.5.6. Enzyme Activity (Dehydrogenase Activity)......Page 86
3.6.1. Temperature......Page 87
3.6.2. Atmospheric Pressure......Page 89
3.6.3. Wind Velocity and Direction......Page 90
3.6.5. Solar Radiation (Direct and Diffused)......Page 91
3.6.6. UV-B Radiation......Page 92
3.6.7. Snow......Page 93
3.6.8. Energy Balance and Water Relations, Dew Formation, Fog and Hoarfrost......Page 95
3.6.9. Thermal Convection......Page 98
4. CONCLUSION......Page 99
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS......Page 101
REFERENCES......Page 102
ABSTRACT......Page 109
INTRODUCTION......Page 110
OZONE DEPLETION AND ULTRAVIOLET RADIATIONS......Page 111
ANTARCTIC FLORA AND THEIR PIGMENTS......Page 115
LICHENS......Page 116
BRYOPHYTES......Page 117
ALGAE......Page 118
Ultraviolet Radiations and Adaptations in Plants......Page 119
REFERENCES......Page 121
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 127
2. DISTRIBUTION OF ANTARCTIC FLORA......Page 128
3. OZONE LOSS IN SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE......Page 130
4. EFFECTS OF UV-B RADIATIONS ON PLANTS......Page 131
5.1. UV Absorbing Compounds......Page 133
6. PROTECTION FROM UV-B INDUCED DNA DAMAGE IN THE DESICCATED STATE......Page 135
7. DNA DAMAGE BY UV-B RADIATIONS AND REPAIR MECHANISM......Page 136
7.2. Photo Reactivation......Page 138
REFERENCES......Page 141
INTRODUCTION......Page 151
ANTARCTIC BRYOPHYTES AND THEIR DISTRIBUTION......Page 153
Brachytheciaceae......Page 154
Ditrichaceae......Page 155
Hypnaceae......Page 156
Pottiaceae......Page 157
ANTARCTIC AQUATIC MOSSES......Page 158
SURVIVAL OF MOSSES AND LIMITING FACTORS......Page 159
1. Survival of Mosses under UV-B Radiations......Page 160
3. Antarctic Mosses under Changing Water Availability......Page 161
REFERENCES......Page 163
INTRODUCTION......Page 169
MATERIALS AND METHODS......Page 170
Distribution Pattern of Antarctic Lichens......Page 176
Lichen Flora of Schirmacher Oasis, East Antarctica......Page 177
Affinities of Indian Lichen Flora with Lichens of SO and Antarctica......Page 178
REFERENCES......Page 180
ABSTRACT......Page 183
INTRODUCTION......Page 184
Lichen Habitat and Species Selection......Page 185
Water Potential (Ψ) Measurement and Pressure Volume (PV) Curve......Page 187
RESULTS......Page 188
DISCUSSION......Page 189
REFERENCES......Page 191
ABSTRACT......Page 193
INTRODUCTION......Page 194
IMF VARIATIONS AS A DETERMINING FACTOR FOR THE CLOUDINESS ABOVE VOSTOK......Page 196
A DISTINCTIVE FEATURES OF THE ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION ABOVE ANTARCTICA......Page 198
SUDDEN WARMINGS IN THE CENTRAL ANTARCTIC AND THEIR RELATION TO THE DISTURBED SOLAR WIND......Page 200
Impact of the Disturbed Solar Wind on Atmospheric Pressure......Page 204
ANOMALOUS WINDS AT THE ANTARCTIC STATIONS AND THEIR RELATION TO THE IMF BZ......Page 207
SOI AND ITS RELATION TO ANOMALOUS WIND SYSTEM IN ANTARCTICA......Page 209
MECHANISMS SUGGESTED TO EXPLAIN THE SOLAR WIND INFLUENCE ON THE ATMOSPHERIC PROCESSES......Page 213
CONCLUSION......Page 214
REFERENCES......Page 215
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 219
2. SITE AND INSTRUMENTATION......Page 221
3. THE CLIMATOLOGICAL SETTING......Page 223
4.1. Wind Speed......Page 225
4.2. Temperature......Page 226
5. ANALYSIS OF RADIATIVE BUDGET......Page 231
6. BOUNDARY LAYER STRUCTURE DURING THE YEAR......Page 235
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS......Page 237
REFERENCES......Page 238
ABSTRACT......Page 241
INTRODUCTION......Page 242
Important Observable Facts......Page 243
Some Mathematical Derivations......Page 244
ALTERNATIVE CONCEPT......Page 245
BASELESS COUNTER ARGUMENTS......Page 246
CONCLUSION AND ENTROPY RELATED FUNCTIONS......Page 247
REFERENCES......Page 251
ABSTRACT......Page 253
AURORA......Page 254
Satellite-Based Measurement......Page 256
REAL TIME KINEMATIC POSITIONING......Page 257
Kalman Filter......Page 258
GPS POSITIONAL SOLUTION IN ACTIVE AURORA......Page 261
GPS POSITIONAL SOLUTION IN QUIET AURORA......Page 262
STATISTICAL STUDY OF POSITIONAL ERROR......Page 266
REFERENCES......Page 267
INDEX......Page 269