Animals as Sentinels of Environmental Health Hazards

Animals as Sentinels of Environmental Health Hazards......Page 2
Copyright......Page 3
Preface......Page 8
Contents......Page 12
INTRODUCTION......Page 14
Current Use of Animal Sentinels in Risk Assessment......Page 15
Species......Page 17
Exposure Sources......Page 18
Measures of Effect......Page 19
Objectives of Monitoring Animals Sentinels......Page 20
Measurement of Exposure and Extrapolation to Humans......Page 21
FOOD ANIMALS AS SENTINELS......Page 22
FISH AND OTHER WILDLIFE AS SENTINELS......Page 23
ANIMAL SENTINELS IN RISK ASSESSMENT......Page 24
SELECTION AND APPLICATION OF ANIMAL SENTINEL SYSTEMS IN RISK ASSESSMENT......Page 25
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS......Page 26
STRUCTURE OF THE REPORT......Page 28
PURPOSE OF THE STUDY......Page 32
CURRENT USE OF ANIMAL SENTINELS IN RISK ASSESSMENT......Page 34
STRUCTURE OF THE REPORT......Page 43
Species......Page 46
A sentinel species must have sufficient population size and density to permit enumeration......Page 47
Exposure Sources......Page 48
Duration of Exposure......Page 50
Measures of Effect......Page 51
Reference Populations......Page 52
OBJECTIVES OF MONITORING ANIMAL SENTINELS......Page 53
Human Health Effects......Page 54
Environmental Contamination......Page 55
Adverse Effects on Animals......Page 56
ANIMAL SENTINEL SYSTEMS IN OBSERVATIONAL EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDIES......Page 58
Descriptive Epidemiology......Page 59
Analytic Epidemiologic......Page 60
Multifactorial Causality......Page 61
Measurement of Exposure and Extrapolation to Humans......Page 63
3 Food Animals as Sentinels......Page 66
Food Safety and Inspection Service......Page 67
National Animal Health Monitoring System......Page 69
Market Cattle Identification Program......Page 71
Food and Drug Administration......Page 72
Shellfish Monitoring Programs......Page 73
The National Animal Poison Information Network......Page 74
Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Chickens......Page 75
Polybrominated Biphenyls in Cattle......Page 76
Cattle and Heavy Metals......Page 77
SUMMARY......Page 78
4 Companion Animals as Sentinels......Page 82
Poison-Control Centers......Page 83
Canine Mesothelioma and Asbestos Exposure......Page 84
Canine Bladder Cancer and Insecticide Exposure......Page 85
Breast Cancer in Dogs......Page 87
Diet and Survival with Breast Cancer......Page 88
Birds and Polytetrafluoroethylene Exposure......Page 89
Animal Neoplasm Registry......Page 90
SUMMARY......Page 93
DESCRIPTIVE EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDIES......Page 94
National Status and Trends Program......Page 95
Mussel Watch......Page 96
National Contaminant Biomonitoring Program......Page 97
Registry of Tumors in Lower Animals......Page 98
Penrose Laboratory of Comparative Pathology......Page 100
Quarterly Wildlife Mortality Report......Page 101
Great Lakes......Page 102
Chesapeake Bay......Page 103
Puget Sound......Page 104
Sacramento-San Joaquin Estuary......Page 105
Initial Identification of Hazardous Agents......Page 106
Indication of Bioavailability of Chemicals at Hazardous-Waste Sites......Page 107
Water-Quality Monitoring......Page 108
Risk Characterization of Species Under Study......Page 109
Contamination of Human Food Chain......Page 110
Planarians......Page 112
Earthworms......Page 113
SUMMARY......Page 114
6 Animal Sentinels in Risk Assessment......Page 116
Animals as General Environmental Monitors......Page 118
Animals as Monitors of Their Own Exposure......Page 119
Animals as Surrogate Monitors of Human Exposure......Page 120
Early Warnings: Initial Identification of Hazardous Agents......Page 122
Hazard Identification for Chemical Mixtures......Page 123
USE OF ANIMAL SENTINEL SYSTEMS IN RISK CHARACTERIZATION......Page 124
Risks to Animal Species Under Study......Page 125
Risk to Consumers of Animal Species Under Study......Page 126
Risk to Humans: Animal Sentinels as Surrogates......Page 127
Management of Risks to Animal Species Under Study......Page 129
Management of Risks to Human Health: Animal Sentinels as Surrogates......Page 130
SUMMARY......Page 131
7 Selection and Application of Animal Sentinel Systems in Risk Assessment......Page 134
SYSTEM DESIGN......Page 136
IMPLEMENTATION......Page 139
VALIDATION......Page 141
PROGRAM INTEGRATION......Page 142
8 Conclusions and Recommendations......Page 144
References......Page 150
Appendix  Workshop Participants......Page 172