Animal Behavior

Front-matter_2012_Animal-Behavior
	Animal Behavior
Copyright_2012_Animal-Behavior
	Copyright
Dedication_2012_Animal-Behavior
	Dedication
Preface_2012_Animal-Behavior
	Preface
Chapter-1---Of-Cockroaches-and-Wolves--Framing-Animal-Beh_2012_Animal-Behavi
	Of Cockroaches and Wolves: Framing Animal Behavior
		Introduction: Animal Behavior
			Our Fascination with Animal Behavior
		Wolves: Lessons in Social Behavior
		Cockroaches: Models for Animal Behavior
		The Four Questions Revisited
			Causation: What Is the Cause of a Behavior?
			Development: How Does a Behavior Develop?
			Survival Value: What is the Survival Value of a Behavior?
			Evolution: How Did the Behavior Evolve?
		Evolution: A Review
			Genetic Variation: A Necessary Ingredient of Genetic Change
			Changes in Gene Frequencies
			Adaptation and Behavior
			Optimality and Behavior
			Speciation and Behavior
			Phylogeny and Behavior
		The Study of Animal Behavior: Where Did It Come From?
			Ancient Greece
			Darwin and the Victorians
			The Transition to Modern Science
			European and American Traditions
			Modern Science
		Umwelt: The World in Which Animals Behave
		Summary
		Study Questions
		Further Reading
Chapter-2---Neurobiology-and-Endocrinology-for-Animal-Beha_2012_Animal-Behav
	Neurobiology and Endocrinology for Animal Behaviorists
		Neurobiology, Endocrinology, and Sensory Systems: An Overview
		What Does an Animal Behaviorist Need to Know about Neurobiology?
			Axons Carry Information To and From the Central Nervous System
				NEURONS AND THE TRANSMISSION OF INFORMATION
				NEUROTRANSMITTERS SHUTTLE INFORMATION FROM NEURON TO NEURON
				THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM, WHEN PRESENT, ORGANIZES BEHAVIOR
			Comparing Brains
			How Behavior Is Generated
			Responsiveness and Decision-Making Processes within the Nervous System
		What Does an Animal Behaviorist Need to Know about Endocrinology?
			Hormones and Regulation: The Basics
				Hormones, Physiology, and Behavior
			Hormones and Behavior in Vertebrates
			Hormones and Behavior in Invertebrates
				JUVENILE HORMONE AND ECDYSONE
				MOLLUSCAN HORMONES
			Conservation: The Behavioral Effects of Environmental Endocrines
		What Does an Animal Behaviorist Need to Know about Sensory Systems?
			Sensing the Environment
			Sensory Biology: Dangerous Assumptions
			Transduction
				CHEMORECEPTION
				LIGHT AND VISUAL PERCEPTION
				MONOCHROMATIC VERSUS COLOR VISION
				SHAPES AND IMAGES
				SOUND AND SOUND PERCEPTION
				CHARACTERISTICS OF SOUND
				ULTRASOUND AND INFRASOUND
				THERMAL PERCEPTION
				MECHANORECEPTION
				ELECTRORECEPTION
				MAGNETORECEPTION
		Summary
		Study Questions
		Further Reading
Chapter-3---Behavioral-Genetics_2012_Animal-Behavior
	Behavioral Genetics
		Introduction: Principles of Behavioral Genetics and the Evolution of Behavior
			Why Study the Genetics of Behavior?
			How Does Behavioral Genetics Inform Studies of Evolution?
			Understanding Single-Gene Effects on Behavior
		The Nature versus Nurture Debate
		Evolution and Behavior
		The Behavioral Genetics Toolbox
			Geographic Variation, Subspecies, and Ecotypes
			Proximate Causes and Correlations: Whole Organism Studies of the Genetic Bases of Behavior
				CROSS-FOSTERING
				TWIN STUDIES
				CLONED ANIMALS
				ARTIFICIAL SELECTION
				SINGLE-GENE MUTATIONS
				HERITABILITY
				QUANTITATIVE TRAIT ANALYSIS
					Bringing Animal Behavior Home
			Proximate Causes and Correlations: Genetic Dissections of Mechanisms Underlying Behavior
				BRUTE-FORCE APPROACHES TO FINDING CANDIDATE GENES
				FROM QTLS TO ASSESSING GENE EXPRESSION AND BEHAVIOR
				MICROARRAYS AND ASSESSMENTS OF GENE EXPRESSION
					RNA KNOCKOUTS
		Summary
		Study Questions
		Further Reading
Chapter-4---Homeostasis-and-Time-Budgets_2012_Animal-Behavior
	Homeostasis and Time Budgets
		Introduction
		Behavior and Homeostasis
			Displacement and Redirection
			Displacement Behavior
			Redirected Behavior
			Self-Directed Behaviors and Repetitive Behaviors
			Assessment of Animal Welfare
		Biological Clocks and Circadian Rhythms
		Modern Concepts of Homeostatic Regulation
			Sleep
			Feeding and the Regulation of Appetite
				SATIETY
				INSULIN CONTROL SYSTEM
				FAT STORAGE
			Pain
			Fear
		Time Budgets and Trade-Offs: Balancing Demands in How Animals Budget Their Time
		Summary
		Study Questions
		Further Reading
Chapter-5---Learning_2012_Animal-Behavior
	Learning
		Introduction
		Learning and Memory
			Why Have Short- and Long-Term Storage of Information?
			Where Is Memory?
			Reinforcement, Consolidation, Strength of Memory, and Forgetting
			Memory Capacity
		Basic Models for Learning
			Imprinting
			Habituation and Sensitization
			Conditioning (Associative Learning)
				CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
				OPERANT CONDITIONING
			Training by Positive and Negative Reinforcement
			Trial-and-Error Learning
			Taste-Aversion Learning
			Cache Retrieval
				LEARNED CACHE RETRIEVAL
				REFORAGING
				SEARCH BY RULE
				PILFERAGE
		Social Learning: Traditions and “Cultural” Transmission of Information in Animals
			Observational Learning in Octopi
			Food Preferences and Bait Shyness in Rats
			Birds and Milk Bottles
			Cache Raiding
			Survival Value of Learning
		Play, Learning, and Development
		Summary
		Study Questions
		Further Reading
Chapter-6---Cognition_2012_Animal-Behavior
	Cognition
		Introduction: What Is Cognition?
			Tests for Cognition
			External Representations of Internal States: Does Behavior Represent Thought?
			Language and Cognition
		The Concept of Self
			Minds and Bodies
			Self-Awareness and Mirror Tests
			Gaze Following
			Self and Self-Consciousness
		Thought, Foresight, and Problem Solving
			Memory and Cognition
				SEMANTIC MEMORY
				PROCEDURAL MEMORY
				EPISODIC MEMORY
			Time–Place Learning
			Caching and Thievery
			Cognitive Maps
			Experimental Approaches to Mental Time Travel and Foresight
			Problem Solving
			Counting
		Intelligence and Social Cognition
		Personality and Behavioral Syndromes
		The Frontal Lobe and Impulse Control
		Animal Emotions
		Are Cognitive Abilities Under- or Over-Attributed to Animals?
		Summary
		Study Questions
		Further Reading
Chapter-7---Communication_2012_Animal-Behavior
	Communication
		Introduction: Communication Theory
			What Is a Signal?
			Senders and Receivers
			Public Information and Eavesdropping
		The Evolution of Communication
			The Evolution of Signals
			Co-option, Ritualization, and Stereotypy
			Redundancy
		Modes of Communication
			How the Type of Signal Is Chosen
			Chemical Signals: Messages by Smell and Taste
			Tactile Signals
			Audible Signals
				WHAT IS SOUND?
				SOUND PRODUCTION
				REGULATING PITCH AND AMPLITUDE
				INFRASOUND AND COMMUNICATION
				ULTRASOUND AND COMMUNICATION
				CHORUSES
				AUDITORY NOISE
			Vibrational Communication
			Visual Signals
				VISUAL SIGNAL PRODUCTION
				VISUAL NOISE AND THE DISRUPTION OF VISUAL SIGNALS
			Electrical Signals
		Multimodal Signaling and Encoding Complex Messages
		Runaway Sexual Selection and Signaling
		Deceit versus Honest Signaling
			Costly Signals as a Way of Ensuring Honesty
			Studies of Deceit
		Game Theory and Communication
		Interspecific Signaling
		Summary
		Study Questions
		Further Reading
Chapter-8---Movement--Search--Navigation--Migration--and-D_2012_Animal-Behav
	Movement: Search, Navigation, Migration, and Dispersal
		Introduction
		Sources of Navigational Information
		Sensing the Environment in Time and Space
		How to Respond to Sensory Information: A Toolbox for Finding the Way
			Kinesis
			Taxis
			Counterturning
			Landmarks
			Snapshot Orientation
			Path Integration
			Compass Orientation
			Odometers and Measuring the Distance Traveled
			Cognitive Maps
		Search
		Homing
			The Concept of a Central Place
			Homing in Bee Foraging
			Homing in Pigeons
		Migration
			Bird Migration
			Migration in Salmon
			Migration in Monarch Butterflies
			Migration in African Ungulates
			Turtle Migration
		Dispersal
			Who Disperses?
				PARENTS VERSUS OFFSPRING
				MALES VERSUS FEMALES
			Why Disperse?
				COMPETITION DISPERSAL
				KIN COMPETITION AVOIDANCE
				INFANTICIDE VERSUS DISPERSAL
				INBREEDING AVOIDANCE
				DISPERSAL FOR COLONIZATION
		Summary
		Study Questions
		Further Reading
Chapter-9---Foraging_2012_Animal-Behavior
	Foraging
		Introduction
		Diet Choice and Food Selection
			What Is an Adequate Diet?
			Essential Nutrients
			Digestion of Cellulose
		How Animals Get Food
			Trophic Strategies and Styles of Foraging
			Styles of Herbivory
			Overcoming Plant Defenses
			Active Hunters
			Sit and Wait Predation
			Omnivory
			Mimicry and Luring
			Cooperative Hunting
			Uninvited Guests during Foraging
		Willing Food
			Predator Saturation
			Saprophagy
		Manipulation of Prey
		Parasitic Life Cycles
		Foraging and Optimality Theory
		Optimal Patch Choice
			The Marginal Value Theorem
			Central Place Foraging
			Risk Sensitivity
		Optimal Prey Choice
		Nutritional Constraints
		Summary
		Study Questions
		Further Reading
Chapter-10---Self-Defense_2012_Animal-Behavior
	Self-Defense
		Introduction
		Cryptic Behavior: Camouflage
			Camouflage: An Introduction
			Types of Camouflage
			Countershading
			Background Matching
			Brokenness and Disruptive Coloration
			Changing Colors and Patterns
			Tests for the Effectiveness of Camouflage
			Distraction and Dazzle
			Aposematism
		Vigilance and Alarm
		Mimicry and Diversion
		Evasion
		Predator Deterrence and Fighting Back
			Physical Deterrence
			Chemical Deterrence
			Venom, Stings, and Defensive Bites
		Pathogen Avoidance/Deterrence and Sickness Behavior
			Pathogen Avoidance
			Sickness and Fever
			Self-Medication
			Host Behavior Controlled by Parasites
		Summary
		Study Questions
		Further Reading
Chapter-11---Mating-Systems_2012_Animal-Behavior
	Mating Systems
		Introduction
		The Evolution of Sex: Why Some Animals Are Called Male and Others Female
		Sexual Selection
			The Handicap Principle
			The Effects of Sexual Selection on the Heritability of Traits
			Courtship: The First Step in Sexual Behavior
			Honesty and Dishonesty in Mating Systems
		Variance in Mating Success
		Mate Choice
			Female Mate Choice
			Male Mate Choice
		MATING SYSTEMS: How Many Males, How Many Females?
			Monogamy
			Polygyny
			Resource Defense Polygyny
			Harems, or Female Defense Polygyny
			Leks
			Polyandry
			Polygynandry and Promiscuity
		Hormones and Sexual Behavior
		Hormones, Territoriality, and Aggression
		Sperm Competition
		Good Genes Models for Choosing a Mate
			Inbreeding and Outbreeding
			The Major Histocompatibility Complex
			Fluctuating Asymmetry
			Parasites, Plumage, and Choosing a Good Mate
		Forced Copulations
		Summary
		Study Questions
		Further Reading
Chapter-12---Nesting--Parenting--and-Territoriality_2012_Animal-Behavior
	Nesting, Parenting, and Territoriality
		Introduction
		Nests and Nesting
			Habitat Choice
			Nest Construction and Animal Architecture
			Bat Roosts
			Beaver Lodges
			Prairie Dog Burrows
			Magpie Nests
			Paper Wasp Nests
			Termite Mounds
		Parental Investment
		Patterns of Parental Care
			Parental Care When Fertilization Is External
			Uniparental Caregiving
			Biparental Caregiving
			Intra- and Interspecific Adoptions
		Hormones and Parental Behavior
		Parenting and Conflicts of Interest
		Begging and Weaning Conflict
			Functions of Begging
			Begging: Parental Point of View
			Begging by Cuckoo-Type Parasites
			Weaning Conflict
		Sibling Conflict
		Infanticide
			Infanticide by Males
			When Might Females Commit Infanticide?
			The Bruce Effect
		Aggression and Territoriality
			What Is Aggression?
			Territorial Conflict
			Dominance Conflict
			Sexual Conflict
			Parent-Offspring Conflict
			Predatory, Pain-, and Fear-Based Conflict
			Antipredatory Conflict
			Territoriality
		Summary
		Study Questions
		Further Reading
Chapter-13---Social-Behavior--Cooperation--and-Kinship_2012_Animal-Behavior
	Social Behavior, Cooperation, and Kinship
		Introduction
		Altruism or Selfish Interests?
		Schools, Flocks, Hordes, and Herds
			Social Groups and Public Information
			Food Discovery
			Mutual Protection
			Selfish Herds
			How Large Should a Group Be?
			Dominance Hierarchies in Social Groups
			Aggregated Nesting
		Explaining Cooperation
			Kin Selection
			Reproductive Skew
			Group Selection
			Social Contract Models for Cooperation
			Delayed Competition and Selfish Teamwork Models
			Stolen Aid and Coerced Cooperation
		Extreme Cooperation: Eusociality
			Diplodiploid Sex Determination
			Haplodiploid Sex Determination
			Preadaptions for Extreme Cooperation
		Lack of Ecological Choice in Aid-Giving Decisions
		Social Recognition, Kin Recognition, and Cooperation with Close Relatives
			Social Recognition in Clonal Invertebrates
			Social Recognition in Fish
			Social Recognition in Amphibians
			Social Recognition in Mammals
			Social Recognition in Birds
			Social Recognition in Insects
			Social Recognition and Cannibalism
		Social Symbioses
			Intraspecific Social Parasitism
			Interspecific Social Parasitism
				Social Parasitism by Closely Related Species
				Slave Making in Ants
				Myrmecophiles
		Summary
		Study Questions
		Further Reading
Chapter-14---Comparative-Social-Behavior_2012_Animal-Behavior
	Comparative Social Behavior
		Introduction
		Vertebrate Social Systems
			Swallows
			Sociable Weavers
			Acorn Woodpeckers
			Hyenas
			Lions
			Chimpanzees
			Eusocial Mammals
		Invertebrate Eusociality: Workers and the Division of Labor
			Social Efficiency: Why Divide Labor?
			Division of Labor Based on Dominance Hierarchies
			Size and Shape Differences in Division Of Labor
			Age Differences
		Invertebrate Eusociality: Queens and Reproduction
			How Many Matings and How Many Queens?
			Reproductive Suppression
			Dominance Hierarchies
			Chemical Suppression
		“Willing” Workers
		Invertebrate Eusociality: Colony Defense
		Eusocial Invertebrates
			Eusocial Shrimp
			Thrips and Aphids
			Termites
			Ants
			Army Ants
			Wasps
			Bees
		Summary
		Study Questions
		Further Reading
Chapter-15---Conservation-and-Behavior_2012_Animal-Behavior
	Conservation and Behavior
		Introduction: Conservation and the Future of Animal Behavior
		Species Protection in Natural Habitats
		Extinctions and Behavior
			Disruption of Migration: High Risks for Extinction
			Intentional Extinctions
			Extinction Due to Hunting and Fishing
			Invasive Species and Extinctions
			Summary: Extinctions and Conservation Behavior
		Reserve Design
			Population Genetics and Reserve Design
			Fragmentation and Edge Effects in Reserves
			Special Habitat Requirements and Reserve Design
			Human–Wildlife Interactions in Reserves
			A Bike Path Runs through It
			Ecotourism: A Two-Edged Sword
				Flight Initiation Distance: A Tool for Evaluating Human-Wildlife Interactions
		Captive Breeding Programs and Reintroductions
			Scimitar-Horned Oryx
			Przewalski’s Horse
			Black-Footed Ferret
			Golden Lion Tamarin
			California Condor
			Peregrine Falcons
			Ethical Considerations
		The Human–Wildlife Interface in the Suburbs
			Garbage Dump and Other Feeding Effects
			Public Fear and Overcoming Zoophobia
			Maintaining Neophobia in Support of Conservation Goals
		Summary: The Future and Conservation Behavior
		Study Questions
		Further Reading
No-title-available_2012_Animal-Behavior
	Index