Android on x86. An Introduction to Optimizing for Intel Architecture

Contents at a Glance
Contents
About the Authors
Acknowledgments
Introduction
Chapter 1: History and Evolution of the Android OS
	Origins
		The First Distribution of Android
		Open Source Apache License
	What Is Android?
		Applications
		Application Frameworks
		Native Libraries
			Surface Manager
			SQLite
			WebKit
			OpenGL/ES
		Android Runtime
		Linux Kernel
	The Open Handset Alliance
	Android Open Source Project
		Astro (1.0)
		Cupcake (1.5)
		Donut (1.6)
		Éclair (2.0/2.1)
		Froyo (2.2.x)
		Gingerbread (2.3.x)
		Honeycomb (3.x)
		Ice Cream Sandwich (4.0.x)
		Jelly Bean (4.1.x)
		KitKat (4.4.x)
	Overview
Chapter 2: The Mobile Device and Operating System Landscape
	Competition in the Mobile Space
		iOS
			Overview
			Applications
			Platforms
		BlackBerry
		Windows Phone
		Symbian
		MeeGo
	Before Android
		Smartphone History
			Simon Personal Communicator
			Nokia 9000 (Nokia Communicator)
			Kyocera 6035
			BlackBerry 5810
	The Mobile Market: Success and Failure
		Motorola i1
		Droid X
		BlackBerry Torch
		iPhone
	The Mobile Market: Trends
		Location
		Current Mobile Uses
		Commerce
	Overview
Chapter 3: Beyond the Mobile App—A Technology Foundation
	Connected Devices
		Home Computing
		Automotive
		Digital Entertainment
	Special Requirements
		Ruggedization
			Ingress Protection Rating
		Medical
		Virtualized
		Secure Communications
			Type 1
			Federal Information Processing Standard
	The Cyber Fiber of Our Connected World
		Cellular Networks
			Open Mobile Alliance
		Wireless Communications
			Wi-Fi
			Bluetooth
	Mobile Interfaces
		Touch Screens
			Capacitive
			Resistive
		Vibration Motors
		LED Lights
		Accelerometer
		Tilt Sensor
		Hardware Buttons
	Overview
Chapter 4: Android Development— Business Overview and Considerations
	The Android Market Share
		How Android Makes Money
			Why Android Is Successful
				Free
				Open Source
				Customization
				Application Base
				Hardware Choices
				Device Price
			Legacy and Future Platform Support
			Legacy Support
			Future Support
		Why x86 and Android Are Right for You
			Cross Compatibility
			Barrier to Entry
		Security of Android
			Application Security
			Platform Security
		Licensing
			Android Licensing Cost
			Application Licensing Cost
		Physical Development Costs
			Software Development Systems
			Android Testing Systems
		Overview
Chapter 5: The Intel Mobile Processor
	Intel’s x86 Line
		History
		Strengths and Weaknesses
		Business Model
	Clash of the Mobile Titans: ARM versus Intel
		ARM
			History
			Strengths and Weaknesses
			Business Model
			Future
	Intel’s Atom Line of Microprocessors
		Intel Atom Evolution
		Intel Atom Security
		Intel Atom Features
		Android and the Atom
	Inside the Medfield System-on-Chip
		Zooming In on the Saltwell CPU Architecture
	Architecture Differences between Intel’s Saltwell and ARM’s Cortex A15
		Architecture
		Integer Pipelines
		Instruction Sets
		Multi-Core/Thread Support
		Security Technology
	Intel Hyper-Threading Technology
	Application Compatibility: Native Development Kit and Binary Translator
	Overview
Chapter 6: Installing the Android SDK for Intel Application Development
	Preparing for the SDK Installation
		Supported Operating Systems
		Hardware Requirements
		Installing the JDK
		Installing Eclipse
		Installing Apache Ant (Optional)
	Downloading the SDK Starter Package and Adding SDK Components
		Setting Up Eclipse to work with the SDK
			Installing the ADT Plug-in for Eclipse
			Configuring the ADT Plug-in
	Overview of Android Virtual Device Emulation
		Which Emulator Should You Use
		Why Use the Emulator
		Building an Emulator Image
		Setting Up the SDK to Use x86 Emulator Images
	Key Gingerbread Features
		Battery Usage Stats
		Task Manager
		Cut and Paste Text
	Ice Cream Sandwich Emulation
		Prerequisites
		Downloading Through the Android SDK Manager
		Using the System Image
		Downloading Manually
		CPU Acceleration
		GPU Acceleration
	Overview
Chapter 7: Creating and Porting NDK-Based Android Applications
	JNI and NDK Introduction
		JNI Introduction
		Java Methods and Their Corresponding Relationship with the C Function Prototype Java
		Java and C Data Type Mapping
		NDK Introduction
	NDK Installation
		Android NDK Installation
		Install Cygwin
		Install CDT
	NDK Examples
		Using the Command-Line Method to Generate a Library File
			Create an Android App Project
			Modify the Java Files
			Generate the Project in Eclipse
			Create a Subdirectory in the Project Root Directory
			Create a C Interface File
			Compile the Corresponding. C File
			Create the NDK Makefile File in the jni Directory
		Generating a Library File in the IDE
		Workflow Analysis for NDK Application Development
	NDK Compiler Optimization
		Machine-Independent Compiler Switch Options
			-0 or -01
			-02
			-03
			-00
		Intel Processor-Related Compiler Switch Options
	Overview
Chapter 8: Debugging Android
	Prerequisites
	Intel USB Driver for Android Devices
	Installing the Intel Atom x86 System Image for Android Emulator
	Application Debugging Using the Android Debug Bridge
		Setting Up ADB
		ADB on Windows
		ADB Host-Client Communication
		Starting ADB
		Key ADB Device Commands
		Using the Android Debug Tools Plug-in for Eclipse
			The Debug Perspective in Eclipse
			The DDMS Perspective
			Application Runtime Environment for Debugging
	Intel Hardware Accelerated Execution Manager
		KVM Installation
		Using a 64-Bit Kernel
		Install KVM
		Starting the Android Virtual Device
		Using AVD Manager in Eclipse to Launch a Virtual Device
	Running Android Within Oracle VirtualBox
		Google x86 VirtualBox Build Targets for Android 4.x
			Downloading the Source Tree and Installing the Repository
		Building a Custom Kernel with Mouse Support
			Add Patched Kernel
			Reduce Compile Time Using CCACHE
			Build Android 4.0.x with New Kernel
		Build the VirtualBox Disk and Android Installer
		Using an Android Installer Disk to Create a Large Virtual Partition
		Serial Port
		Ethernet
			Final Notes
	Debugging with GDB, the GNU Project Debugger
	The Intel Graphics Performance Analyzer (Intel GPA)
	System Debug of Android OS Running on an Intel Atom Processor
		JTAG Debugging
		Android OS Debugging,
		Device Driver Debugging
		Hardware Breakpoints
	Cross-Debug: Intel Atom Processor and ARM Architecture
		Variable Length Instructions
		Hardware Interrupts
		Single Step
		Virtual Memory Mapping
	Considerations for Intel Hyper-Threading Technology
	SoC and Interaction of Heterogeneous Multi-Core
		SVEN (System Visible Event Nexus)
		Signal Encode/Decode Debug
		SVEN Benefits
	Overview
Chapter 9: Performance Optimizations for Android Applications on x86
	Basic Concepts of Performance Optimization
		Selection of a Faster Instruction
		Improve the Degree of Parallelism
		Effective Use of the Register Cache
	Methodology of Performance Optimizations
	Performance Optimization Approaches
		Performance Optimizations Automatically Done by a Compiler
		Performance Optimizations Assisted by Development Tools
			Use of High-Performance Libraries
		Performance Optimizations Done Manually
	Performance Tuning with Intel VTune
		System Tuning
		Tuning Based on the Microarchitecture of the Processor
			VTune’s two modes
	Intel Graphics Performance Analyzers
		Introduction
		Installation
		Sample Usage of Intel GPA on Android
	Android Multithreaded Design
		Android Framework or a Thread
		Java Thread Programming Interface
		Threaded Programming Extensions and Support
			Message
			Handler
			Message Queue
			Looper
			AsyncTask
		Thread Example
		Thread Synchronization
		Thread Communication
		Principles of Multithreaded Optimization for Intel Atom Processors
	Case Study: Intel GPA–Assisted Multithreaded Optimization for an Android Application
		Original Application and Intel GPA Analysis
		Optimized Application and Intel GPA Analysis
	Overview
Chapter 10: x86 NDK and C/C++ Optimizations
	Vectorization
		Vectorization Report
		Pragmas
		Auto-Vectorization and Limits
		Interprocedural Optimizations
	Optimization with Intel IPP
	NDK Integrated Optimization Examples
		C/C++: The Original Application Acceleration
		Step 1: Create a New Android Application Project
		Step 2: Write the C Implementation Code of the cCodeTask Function
		Compiler Optimization Extension Application
		Step 1: Modify the Android Part of the Application
		Step 2: Modify the Makefile File of mycomputetask.c and Rebuild the Library Files
		Step 2: Write the C Implementation Code for the anotherCCodeTask Function
	Multiple Situations Comparison of Compiler Optimization Extensions
		Example: Compare the Optimization Results by Using SSE Instructions
	Overview
Chapter 11: Using Intel Hardware Accelerated Execution Manager on Windows, Mac OS, and Linux to Speed Up Android on x86 Emu...
	Introduction
	Downloading Intel HAXM
	Downloading Through Android SDK Manager
	Downloading Manually
	Installing Intel HAXM on Windows
	Adjusting Intel HAXM Memory Allocation
	Intel Virtualization Technology (Intel VT-x) Capability
		Intel VT-x Is Not Supported
		Intel VT-x Is Not Enabled
	Tips and Tricks
	Mac OS
	Adjusting Intel HAXM Memory Allocation
	Removing Intel HAXM
	Troubleshooting
		Intel XD Is Not Supported
		Intel XD Is Not Enabled
		Intel VT-x Is Not Supported
		Intel VT-x Is Not Enabled
	Tips and Tricks
	The following list contains recommendations to get the best experience out of the Android emulator using the Intel HAXM dri...
	Linux
	KVM Installation
		Install KVM
	Overview
Chapter 12: Performance Testing and Profiling Apps with Platform Tuning
	Start with Your First x86 Full Format Video Player
		Compile x86 FFmpeg: Cross-Compile
		Compile x86 FFmpeg: Android.mk
	How to Determine CPU Usage and Find Hotspots
		Show CPU Usage Dynamically Onscreen
		Get Function Running Time
	Use Yasm to Get the Best-Performing x86 Library
		How to Use Yasm
		The Result of Using Yasm
	Use SSE (Intel’s Streaming SIMD Extensions) to Optimize Color Space Transformation
		What Is SIMD?
		How SIMD Works
		Implement NV21-RGB SSE Code
	How to Display an Image Using the Android 4.0 NDK
	The Common Cross-Compile Script
	Testing and Profiling with Hardware Acceleration
	Using the Integration Layer (IL) for Hardware Encoding
		How to Get the OMX-IL Interface on Android for Intel Architecture
		How Does the OMX-IL Work?
		Demo: Special Effects Video Recorder
		Packaging a Hardware Video Encoder Library
		Implement Camera Preview
		Profiling Java Code with Traceview
		Start a Recording Thread
		Adding Special Effects
	Use OpenMAX AL on Android 4.0
		The Advantage of Using Native Multimedia API (OpenMAX AL)
		Demo: Streaming Media Player
	Use a Powerful Media API: MediaCodec on Android 4.1
		Sample Code: Audio Decoder
		Use MediaCodec in NDK
	Overview
Appendix A: References
	Chapter 1: History and Evolution of the Android OS
		Origins
		First Android Distribution in 2007
		What is Android?
		The Open Handset Alliance (OHA)
		The Android Open Source Project (AOSP)
		Android Versions
	Chapter 2: The Mobile Device and Operating System Landscape
		Competition in Mobile Space
			iOS
			Meego
			BlackBerry
			Windows Phone
			Before Android
		The Mobile Market
			Motorola i1
			Droid X
			BlackBerry Torch
			iPhone
		The Mobile Market: Trends
			Location
			Average Use
			Commerce
	Chapter 3: Beyond the Mobile App—A Technology Foundation
		Connected Devices
			Home Computing
			Automotive
		Special Requirements
			Ruggedized
			Medical
			Secure Communications
		The Cyber-Fiber of our Connected World
			Cellular Networks
			Wireless
		Mobile Interfaces
			Touch Screens
			Resistive
			Vibration Sensors (Haptics)
			Accelerometer
			Tilt Sensor
			Hardware Buttons
	Chapter 4: Android Development—Business Overview and Considerations
		Market Share
		Security
		Licensing
	Chapter 5: The Intel Mobile Processor
		Clash of the Mobile Titans: ARM versus Intel
		Intel
		Android Atom Platforms
	Chapter 6: Installing the Android SDK for Intel Application Development
		Installation and Setup
			Java Development Kit
			Eclipse
			Apache Ant
			Software Development Kit
		Emulation
			Ice Cream Sandwich Emulation
			Gingerbread Emulation
			KVM
			Intel Tools
	Chapter 7: Creating and Porting NDK-Based Android Applications
	Chapter 8: Debugging Android
	Chapter 9: Performance Optimizations for Android Applications on x86
	Chapter 10: x86 NDK and C/C++ Optimizations
	Chapter 11: Using Intel Hardware Accelerated Execution Manager on Windows, Mac OS, and Linux to Speed Up Android on x86 Emu...
	Chapter 12: Performance Testing and Profiling Apps with Platform Tuning
Index